World History Flashcards

Question

Persian Wars

Answer 1

``` Persian empire ruled by Cyrus the Great. Persians v. Greeks 499 - 448 BCE Battle of Marathon Battle of Thermopylae (v. Spartans) Battle of Salamis Battle of Plataea ```

Answer 2

Powerful Empire in Indian subcontinent 322 - 185BCE Ruled by Chandragupta Highly developed - standardized economic system, waterworks, private corporations. Traded with Greeks - silk, foods, spices Protected rights of people and animals Rise of Buddhism and Jainism, peaceful empire

Answer 3

- Great Wall of China - Invention of paper, paper money, printing, and gunpowder - Artistic developments - Silk production

Answer 4

Eastern portion of the Roman Empire. Constantine founded Constantinople - center of the empire. Influenced by Mesopotamia and Persia. Famous for: - lavish art and architecture - Code of Justinian, collected Roman Law into a clear system

Answer 5

First unified doctrine of Christianity 325 First Council of Nicaea 451 Council of Chaldeon said any rejection of the Trinity was blasphemy

Answer 6

Increasing size of empire made it hard to manage | Germanic tribes refused to follow the Nicene Creed and opposed Roman Empire, eventually took control of the empire

Answer 7

Emperor Leo III of the Byzantine Empire ordered the destruction of all icons - made images of holy figures blasphemy Pope Gregory II called a synod who decided this was heretical. Leo III tried to kidnap Pope Gregory but his plan failed

Answer 8

Arose as a way to ensure rulers would be able to quickly raise an army when necessary. Vassals swore their military service to lords in exchange for a "fief" - a parcel of land. Vassals had the land worked by serfs. Vassals gave a portion of their income to lords, who in turn gave a portion to the king. Similar to manorialism (the same system but in one manor)

Answer 9

Church supplied education, filled power void - lots of political and economic power. Controlled a lot of land and influenced Kings.

Answer 10

Came from fleas on rats from sailing vessels. Killed over 1/3 of the population of Europe. Ended feudalism, serfs became skilled laborers. Nation states rise and for some religion declines.

Answer 11

11th and 12 centuries. Goal was to slow progression of Muslim forces into Europe and to take control of Jerusalem and Palestine. Led by Eastern Emperor Alexius I and Pope Urban II. Captured Jerusalem, but it changed hands many times over time. 2nd crusade failed to take Damascus. 3rd failed to capture Jerusalem. 4th under Pope Innocent III went through Egypt.

Answer 12

After Mauryan Dynasty Invented decimal system and the concept of 0 Produced cotton and Calico to trade Complex system of medicine Ended with Muslim invasions in 11th century - sultans

Answer 13

``` Tamerlane expanded India's borders, founding Mogul Dynast Gradson Akbar (the great) promoted freedom of religion and built buildings throughout the country ```

Answer 14

``` Mongols led by Genghis Khan and grandson Kublai Khan (not isolationist) Isolationist Ming (porcelain) and Manchu (farming and roads) dynasties right after These two dynasties ended China's interaction with other countries until the 18th century ```

Answer 15

Borrowed elements of Chinese society - Buddhism, writing system, etc. Rule by divine emperor, feudal system led by Daimyos and samurai. Isolationist until 1800s.

Answer 16

Important areas are: Egypt Ghana - important trade center 9th - 12th cent. Traded gold for Saharan Salt. Mali - later, trade center of Timbuktu. Exported iron, leather, tin and agriculture.

Answer 17

Defined largely through migration. Arab merchants settled on the east coast. Scholars from Muslim nations traveled to Timbuktu - also a center known for education.

Answer 18

570 CE Prophet Mohammed born. Before Mohammed, Arabian Peninsula was inhabited by Bedouins. After his death most of the area is Muslim. Islam gave the formerly tribal people a sense of unity and helped them conquer territory and start an empire. They made advances in literature (Arabian Nights, the Rubaiyat), art and science that surpassed Europe during the era of the Bubonic Plague.

Answer 19

Mohammed conquered Mecca and declared it the holy city. He declared the temple Kaaba sacred. Writings became the Q'uran

Answer 20

1400 - Had grown in Anatolia and after several attempts conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453. Renamed it Istanbul. Major strength was their ability to unite people through religious tolerance. United by the Islamic belief that Muslims, Christians, and Jews are related as "People of the Book." Sultan - monarchical government.

Answer 21

"rebirth" after Black Death and Dark Ages. Interest in beliefs and politics of Ancient Greece and Rome. Art, science, philosophy burgeoned. Began in Florence Italy with the Medici Family. Education expanded to upper classes. Realism in art and literature.

Answer 22

Artists - Leonardo da Vinci, Michelango Humanist authors - Petrarch, Erasmus, Sirt Thomas More, Boccacio (focus on reality rather than the ethereal) Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Dante followed in their footsteps. Scientists - Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler who challenged geocentric philosophies of the church

Answer 23

Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic Church. John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland. King Henry VIII supported the movement in England for political gain.

Answer 24

In response to the Protestant Revolution. Changes in the Catholic Church - in some ways increased tolerance, but in other ways actually increased persecution of heretics.

Answer 25

- abuses of power by Catholic Church - Monarchs want power for themselves instead of the church - Rulers don't like papal taxes and the Church's wealth

Answer 26

Church doctrine governed scientific belief. Scientific Revolution challenged this doctrine.

Answer 27

Wrote Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, which said the Earth revolves around the sun.

Answer 28

catalogued astronomical observations

Answer 29

Developed Laws of Planetary Motions

Answer 30

Defended Kepler and Copernicus' heliocentric theories. Discovered 4 moons of Jupiter Died under house arrest and charged with heresy by the Church

Answer 31

Discovered gravity Studied optics, calculus and physics Believed the workings/laws of nature could be observed, studied, and proven through observation

Answer 32

Philosophers and Scientists rely increasingly on observation to support ideas rather than building on past beliefs (particularly those of the Church). Focus on ethics and logic.

Answer 33

"I think, therefore I am." Logic and rules of observation.

Answer 34

Pioneered empiricism and skepticism, believed that truth was found through direct experience, and what others say should always be suspect

Answer 35

Believed in self - examination and observation. The root of morality lies in human beings. Human reason is the source of morality. The world "in - itself" is independent from our conception of it.

Answer 36

Social Contract - government exists by the agreement of the people, government is obligated to protect people and their rights. Influenced John Locke and Thomas Jefferson.

Answer 37

Both were protests against excesses and control of monarchies, and led to the development of republics in place of monarchical government.

Answer 38

Colonies were self - governing for many years until British monarchy began to increase control. Colonies revolted against this new government interference.

Answer 39

Excesses of the nobility created increasingly difficult economic conditions - inflation, heavy taxes, food shortages. 1789 King Louis XVI facing huge national debt convened parliament. The 3rd Estate felt underrepresented and take the Tennis Court oath to change the government and institute a constitution. Call themselves the National Assembly. King resists National Assembly, which leads to the storming of Bastille prison. National Assembly institutes a constitutional monarchy. King LouisXVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee France and were executed.

Answer 40

1793 - 1794 Robespierre and Jacobins Reign of Terror - thousands of executions After the Directory rules but is incompetent and corrupt 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte comes to power, first as a dictator then as an emperor

Answer 41

Feudalistic social structures with czars at the top, then wealthy landowners, then peasants and serfs. Russo - Japanese War (1904 - 1905) made economic conditions much worse for the lowest classes. Peasants demonstrated outside of the Czars Winter Palace, led by a trade union leader. Guard fired on the crowd. After this violent response to the protest, unions and political parties flourished and many strikes occurred.

Answer 42

After the demonstration outside the Czar's Winter Palace, the economy ground to a halt, Czar Nicholas II signed the October Manifesto which established a constitutional monarchy and gave legislative power to parliament. But he violated it soon after, leading to the Bolshevik Revolution.

Answer 43

Russia lagged behind other countries in development and lost many military conflicts. Czars were tyrannical. The feudal system, harsh conditions, and size of Russia led to food shortages and poor living conditions for most of the country. Increasing poverty, decreasing supplies and the Czar's violation of the October Manifesto all led to the Bolshevik Revolution

Answer 44

Worker's strike in Petrograd 1917 Army sided with the workers, and workers and army formed their own governmental system known as the "soviets"- made up of local councils elected by the people. Political chaos meant formerly exiled leaders Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky moved in and gained popular support and the support of the Red Guard. They overthrew parliament and created a communist state. This led to the spread of Communism in Eastern Europe and elsewhere.

Answer 45

1750 - 1830. Textile industry becomes mechanized. Mining advanced due to the invention of the steam engine. Transportation became easier and more available via improved waterways and railroads.

Answer 46

1830 - 1910. Increased industry efficiency and new industries develop as photography, chemical processes, and electricity became more widely available to produce new goods. Petroleum and hydroelectric power become major sources of energy. Industrial revolution spread out of Western Europe and into the U.S. and Japan.

Answer 47

Industrial Revolution led to Widespread education A wider franchise (for businesses?) Mass communication in the political arena Conflicts arose between companies and their employees - struggles for fair treatment and fair wages. Tensions between government regulations and businesses wanting free enterprise Populations increased and centered in cities - centers of industry. Scientific advancements led to more efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods, and increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation.

Answer 48

1914 Began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to throne in Austria - Hungary by a resident of Serbia. This led to a conflict between the two nations. Other countries took sides and Europe split into the Allies and Central Powers. War left Europe deeply in debt, especially Germany. Worldwide Great Depression - economic devastation opened the door for Communist, Fascist and Socialist governments to gain power.

Answer 49

Allies: Britain, France, Russia - later Italy, Japan, and the US Central: Austria - Hungary, Germany, and Turkey

Answer 50

Built along Eastern and Western fronts - about 24,000 miles. Allies used open air trenches with a front line, supporting lines, and communications lines. Germans/central powers' trenches sometimes included well - equipped underground living spaces.

Answer 51

Both focus on public ownership and distribution of goods and services. Communism works toward revolution based on class antagonism (according to this view, antagonism is inevitable). And seeks to overthrow the upper classes and capitalist systems. Socialism uses democratic processes to build on the existing social order. Utopian - Socialists saw industrial capitalism as oppressive and thought it did not allow workers to prosper. Socialism struggled between the two world wars, but Communism took hold especially in Eastern Europe.

Answer 52

Great Depression had devastating effect on Germany's economy, U.S. couldn't supply reconstruction loans because they were suffering as well. Unemployment rising, increasing dissatisfaction with the government led to rise of Fascist and Communist parties who promised change.

Answer 53

Hitler led the Fascist Nazi Party. The party gained power in Parliament on the votes of German workers. Then Hitler became Chancellor and launched expansionist policies that violated the peace treaties that had ended WWI. Sparked the aggression that led to WWII.

Answer 54

Lightening War - fast and powerful surprise attacks that disrupted communication and made it difficult to retaliate. The "blitz" - aerial bombing of England in 1940 for 57 nights in a row.

Answer 55

Intense air raids by German air force (Luftwaffe). Targeted ports and British air force bases. British air force eventually blocked Luftwaffe which ended Germany's attempts to conquer Britain.

Answer 56

After D - Day allied forces gained ground and began a major campaign to push through Europe. December 1944 Hitler launched a counteroffensive to retake Antwerp (important port). This was the Battle of Ardennes/the Battle of the Bulge. The largest land battle on the Western Front of the war. Dec. 16 1944 - Jan 28 1945. Germans advanced into Allied lines but Allies pushed them back. Massive losses on both sides - especially crippling to Germany.

Answer 57

Jewish people were made scapegoats for the economic problems of Germany. Drew on already existing anti - Semitism.

Answer 58

Jewish people were made scapegoats for the economic problems of Germany. Drew on already existing anti - Semitism. Millions of Jews, Gypsies, Gay people, Communists, Catholics, the mentally ill, and others were transported to concentration camp such as Auschwitz during the war. At least 6 million people were killed. Allied forces heard some about the camps but many discounted the reports until troops freed the prisoners and saw the camps. Because the genocide targeted specific ethnic/cultural groups, many traditions/histories and other cultural elements were lost especially among Jewish and Gypsy populations. Nazi war criminals faced justice in the Nuremberg Trials - individuals rather than governments were held accountable for war crimes.

Answer 59

After WWII the UN recognized genocide as a "crime against humanity." They passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to further specify the rights that the UN protects.

Answer 60

Post WWII - millions of military and civilian deaths and 12+million people displaced. Large regions of Europe and Asia in disarray. In many places, Communist governments moved in with promises of renewed economic prosperity and stability. The Soviet Union backed Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. In China, Mao Zedong overthrew the Chinese Nationalist Party and instituted a Communist government in 1949. Communist governments brought some stability, but also opened the door for dictatorial governments with oppressive police forces.

Answer 61

Spread of Communism led to tension between Communist countries and the democratic "west" - the "democratic west" sought to slow the spread of communist regimes. Both sides were in possession of nuclear weapons, each side feared the other would resort to a nuclear attack. Standoff lasted until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. Soviet Union dissolved two years after (1991).

Answer 62

Formed toward the end of WWII, a successor to the League of Nations which had formed after WWI and was less successful. UN works to bring countries together for diplomatic solutions to international problems. Can call for sanctions (restrictions.. military, economic, environmental, sports) to force cooperation with international law, contain conflict, or condemn actions. It can also call for military action, asking peacekeeping troops from member countries to move against countries violating UN policies. Korean war is the first war in which the UN was actively involved.

Answer 63

Rise of nationalism in European colonies, led to many colonies declaring their independence. India and Pakistan gained independence in 1945, and many other colonies in African and Asia. Period of decolonization lasted through the 1960s. Some were very successful, other struggled to create stable governments and economies, and suffered from ethnic and religious conflicts. Some still struggle from colonial influence today.

Answer 64

1910 Japan annexed Korea and maintained control until 1945, when Soviet and US forces overtook the country. Soviet Union controlled North Korea, US controlled South Korea. 1947 UN ordered elections in Korea to unify the country, but Soviet Union refused to allow them. 1950 the US withdrew troops and North Korean troops invaded South Korea starting the Korean War. This was the first war in which the UN played a major role. The US, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, Great Britain, Turkey, China, USSR + more countries sent troops at various times for both sides throughout the war. 1953 the war ended in a truce with North and South Korea divided.

Answer 65

Vietnam was a French colony called French Indochina. War 1946 - 1954 where France battled the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh. 1954 Siege at Dien Bien Phu ended in Vietnamese victory. Vietnam was divided into North and South.

Answer 66

Vietname divided north and south. North controlled by Communist forces and South by South Vietnamese forces supported by the U.S. War was contested in the U.S., with many U.S. citizens protesting U.S. involvement in Vietnam. War lasted until 1976 South Vietnam became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Answer 67

The idea that all people and nations are interdependent - for the production of and markets for goods, and income generation. Ease of international travel and communication has heightened interdependence. Many of today's issues require the cooperation of many countries. Internet is a major contributing factor to increased globalization.

Answer 68

Economic: Non - renewable resources are in high demand as countries worldwide have access to and seek the same resources. This has led to price fluctuations, especially oil and natural gas. Health: Advances in travel and communication allow diseases to be treated in remote locations, but also allow them to be spread easily and globally via travelers.

Answer 69

Area is easily accessible to Europe and Asia. Has many oil deposits- making it central to many international economies and politics. Area has been a hotbed for violence since the beginning of recorded history - with conflicts over land, resources, religious and political power.

Answer 70

1915 - 1917 Young Turks, heirs to the Ottoman Empire, slaughtered over a million Armenians - almost half the Armenian population.

Answer 71

1921 - 1953. Deaths estimated between 3 - 60 million (many say 20 million) due directly or indirectly to the policies and edicts of Joseph Stalin.

Answer 72

1994. Hundreds of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers were killed during the Rwandan Civil War. UN did not authorize intervention during this war.