World Englishes

Question 1

THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PROPONENT OF THE POPULAR
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES, WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE
DIVISION OF WORLD ENGLISHES INTO

Answer 1

Braj Kachru

Question 2

Braj Kachru’s 3 concentric circle

Answer 2

Expanding
Outer
Inner

Question 3

• English is used as the primary language
  -the norm-depending

countries

Answer 3

Expanding circle

Question 4

• countries where
  English has become a recognized language
  and serves a
  significant purpose
• the norm-developing
  countries

Answer 4

Outer circle

Question 5

• They set the rules for
  ‘acceptable’ language use
  (writing and speaking)
• the norm-providing
  countries

Answer 5

Inner circle

Question 6

Five underlying principles underscore the Dynamic Mode

Answer 6

• The closer the contact, or higher the degree of bilingualism or
  multilingualism in a community, the stronger the effects of contact.
• The structural effects of language contact depends on social
  conditions. Therefore, history will play an important part.
• Contact-induced changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms,
  from code- switching to code alternation to acquisition strategies
• Language evolution and the emergence of contact-induced varieties,
  can be regarded as speakers making selections from a pool of
  linguistic variants made available to them
• Which features will be ultimately adopted depends on the complete
  “ecology” of the contact situation, including factors such as
  demography, social relationships and surface similarities between
  languages etc.

Question 7

Phases in Schneider’s dynamic model

Answer 7

• Foundation
• Exonormative stabilization
• Nativization
• endormative stabilization
• differentiation

Question 8

English is brought into a new territory, which
starts bilingualism

Answer 8

Foundation

Question 9

Norms are provided by colonizer ofthe
language

Answer 9

Exonormative stabilization

Question 10

Addition of native flavorin a language.
Restructuring ofthe English language itself .

Answer 10

Nativization

Question 11

The new variety becomes gradually accepted as
the local norm or model.

Answer 11

Endonorvative stabilization

Question 12

The new variety has emerged and this new
variety reflects local identity and culture.

Answer 12

Differentiation

Question 13

4 parameters

Answer 13

*Extralinguistic factors ( historical events)
*Sociolinguistic determinants of
contact setting
* identity construction
*linguistic consequences/structural effects

Question 14

why use World Englishes?

Answer 14

-The term symbolizes functional and
formal variations
- Divergent sociolinguistic context
- Various types of acculturation are
happening all overthe world
- Emphasizes ‘WE-ness’, notthe
dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’
(native and non-native)

Question 15

Other reasons why there are other Englishes

Answer 15

• bilingual creativity
  -contact
• Nativization
• acculturation

Question 16

Refers to the designing of the text

Answer 16

Bilingual creativity