World Englishes

Question 1

Mono centric

Answer 1

Language with one standard form

Question 2

Examples of inner circle

Answer 2

Countries that speak English as their first language e.g. Canada

Question 3

Examples of Outer Circle

Answer 3

Countries that speak English but not as a first language e.g. Ghana, Nigeria, India

Question 4

Examples of expanding circle

Answer 4

English not spoken at all within that country e.g. Japan

Question 5

Who made the circle model?

Answer 5

Kachru

Question 6

What is a criticism of the circle model?

Answer 6

Doesn’t address diversity of Englishes with circle, Doesn’t take ‘grey’ area that exists between circles

Question 7

Key characteristics of ELF

Answer 7

Dropping third person present tense -s, confusion with ‘who’ and ‘which’, redundant prepositions

Question 8

Codification

Answer 8

Laying down a model for standard use of English

Question 9

Criticisms to ELF

Answer 9

Spread of English as global language disadvantages others

Question 10

ELF

Answer 10

English as a lingua franca

Question 11

Features of Jamaican English

Answer 11

TH dropping
H dropping
Rhoticity used 21.7% of the time
Missed -ed morpheme
Pluralisation signaled by addition of 'dem' after noun

Question 12

Pluricentric

Answer 12

Language with several standard forms

Question 13

What did Canagarajah say?

Answer 13

He said that the circles are leaking: Human migration, technology etc.

Question 14

What were Jennifer Jenkins’ five points to ELF?

Answer 14

• Used by speakers of different languages to communicate
• Alternative to EFL
• ELF may include words and phrases
• Code-switching and accommodating new aspects of language seen as useful
• Tends to be used for description for the purpose of codification

Question 15

What does Prodoromou describe ELF as?

Answer 15

‘A broken weapon’

Question 16

What did Sobkowiak describe ELF as?

Answer 16

One that will bring RP-Received Pronunciation down the gutter