world civ Flashcards
a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern europe or siberia
steppe
a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock
nomad
consolidated tribes into into a unified mongolia and then extended his empire across asia to the adriatic sea
genghis khan
a title given to rulers and officials in central asia, afghanistan, and certain other muslim countries (the territory ruled by a khan)
khan/khanate
the first foreign-ruled dynasty in chinese history to commander all of china (collapsed because of internal political cohesion disintegrated as growing factionalism at court, rampant corruption, and a succession of natural calamities known for their policies draining wealth, led to failed military ventures, caused chaos and resentment, but also improved trade and commerce)
yuan dynasty
the spread of cultural trends across locations
cultural diffusion
a vast trade network connecting eurasia and north africa via land and sea routes
silk road
a period of relative stability in eurasia under the mongol empire during the 13th and 14th centuries
pax mongolica
general in the Japanese language (any of a line of military governors ruling japan until the revolution of 1867-68)
shogan
a branch of mahayana buddhism that emphasizes meditation, mindfulness, and the direct experience of enlightenment
zen buddhism
- emperor (had little real power) 2. shogun (actual ruler) + daimyo (wealthy landowners) 3. samurai (warriors) 4. peasants + artisans (largest class) 5. merchants (can produce nothing on their own)
social structure of japan
was led by a military ruler, called a shogun, with the help of a class of military lords, called daimyo
political structure of japan
portuguese merchants brought tin, lead, gold, silk, and wolo and cotton textiles among other goods, to japan, which exported swords, lacquer ware, silk and silver
portuguese trade
foreign missionaries were killed in Japan, some by crucifixion
christian missionaries
the javanese controlled the production and trade of valuable spices like nutmeg, cloves, and pepper , which were in high demand in europe and other parts of the world
malaysian/javanese trade routes
the ____ empire which ruled Persia is famous for: shi’a Islam, cultural flourishing, military power, gunpowder, trade + diplomacy, architectural achievements
safavid empire
brought almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinents regions together through enhanced overload and coastal trading networks
Mughal empire
one of the most largest and most long-lasting empires. extended to 3 continents, Europe, Asia, + africa, because of ottoman military + use of gunpowder
ottoman empire
ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam
devshirme system
the seperate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants
harem
member of an elite corps in the standing army of the ottoman empire from the late 14th century to 1826
janissaries
expanded the ottoman empire, leading the siege of Constantinople in 1453 and extending the empires reach into the balkans
mehmed II
title of the kings of Iran, or Persia
shah
from the 11th century was used as a title by Muslim sovereigns
sultan
a network of routes used by traders for than 1,500 years from when the han dynasty of china opened trade in 130 bce until 1453 ce when the ottoman empire closed off trade from the west
silk road trade
a marketplace containing rows of small shops
bazaars
it stands as a masterpiece of ottoman architecture, reflecting the empire’s power and cultural achievements
Suleiman mosque
it served as the residence of ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years, functioning as both an admin; strative and educational center of the ottoman empire (
topkapi palace
It served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world
hagia sophia
It served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world
hagia sophia
serving as a testament to the grandeur of the Mughal empire and the vision of emperor shah Jahan
taj mahal
the splendid capital of the seljuq and safavid dynasties
isfahan
______ beliefs heavily influenced governance in land-based empires such as the ottoman empire by promoting the idea of a caliphate led by an elected leader
sunni
one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the first three sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as muhammad’s first true successor
shi’a
________ is a faith as well as a way of life, a world view and philosophy upholding the principles of virtuous and true living for the Indian diaspora throughout the world
hindu
founder of the Ming dynasty which took over from the mongol yuan dynasty as the rulers of china
hong wu
moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the forbidden city as an imperial residence
yong le
the supreme model in the development of ancient Chinese palaces
forbidden city
Chinese explorer who lead seven great voyages on behalf of the Chinese emperor
Zheng he
it secures china’s economic development and cultural progress by protecting large sections of important trade routes such as the silk road
contributions to the great wall
a system wherein weaker tributary states paid gifts and performed a bowing ceremony called kowtowing to the Chinese emperor, symbolizing their subservience
tribute system
the qin dynasty established the first centralized Chinese bureaucratic empire
Chinese dynastic central bureaucracy and regional administrators
a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of south and southeastern Asia, blowing from the southwest between may and September and bringing rain, or from the north east between October and april
monsoons
believed to have served as a royal palace for the local monarch
great Zimbabwe
the site of cultural and commercial exchanges between East Africa and the outside world
Swahili coast
a bantu language widely used as a lingua Franco in East Africa and having official status in several countries
Swahili
founded in the late 10th century by settlers from Arabia and Persia
kilwa
a sib or clan that constituted the basic socioeconomic unit of inca society
ayllu
collections of people in small rural villages or political wards in cities who worked in and shared ownership, more or less, of the property and fields
calpulli
mothers, priestesses, merchants, weavers, midwife, healers, and housekeepers
roles of women
a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power
tributary states
compromised of tenochtitlan along with their main allies of acolhuas of texcoco and tepanecs of tlacopan
triple alliance (Aztec)
an absolute ruler who’s word was law
sapa inca
a method used by the incas and other ancient Andean cultures to keep records and communicate information using string and knots
quipu
mit’a was effectively a form of tribute to the inca government in the form of labor
mita tax
it was where the Aztecs performed various rites and made offerings to the gods, including human sacrifices
temple mayor
Aztec palaces used __________ to cover window and doorways
featherwork
the most important temple in the inca empire
coricancha
the sun god; he was believed to be the ancestor of the incas
inti
a deity in Aztec culture and literature
quetzalcoatl
to keep the sun moving across the sky and preserve their very lives, the Aztecs had to feed huitzilopochtli with human hearts and blood
human sacrifice
a central figure in the military, political, and economic colonization of mesoamerica in the 16th century, and most notable for his role in the destruction of the Aztec empire in 1521
cortes
conquered Peru and, after assassinating emperor atahualpa, conquered the inca empire and claimed its territories on behalf of the Spanish crown
pizarro
a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economical ‘rebirth’ following the middle ages
renaissance
Italian Renaissance artist, architect, engineer, and scientist
Leonardo da vinci
the most important of the four major basilicas in Rome, which makes it the most important Catholic church on earth
St Peter’s basilica
first consolidated power in the republic of Florence under Cosimo de medici and his grandson lorenzo ‘the magnificent’ during the first half of the 15th
medici family
revolutionized European book-making
the movable type printing press
originated in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through continental Europe and England
humanism
the following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship, especially from the Renaissance to the 18th century
classicalism
a worldview or political principle that separates religion from other realms of human existence
secularism
came to be considered the beginning of the protestant reformation
luther’s 95 theses
a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins about absolution the unrestricted sale of __________ by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later middle ages
indulgences
a member or followed of any of the western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic church and follow the principles of the reformation, including the baptist, presbyterian, and Lutheran churches
protestant
the term ‘________’ refers to the office held by the ____, the head of the Roman Catholic church
papacy/papal/pope
efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the protestant reformation and reform the Catholic church
counter-reformation
