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Health Promotion > Workshop 1 > Flashcards

Workshop 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of primary health care

A

“PHC is a whole
of society approach to health that aims at ensuring the
highest possible level of health and well being and their equitable
distribution by focusing on people’s needs and as early as possible along
the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment,
rehabilitation and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people’s
everyday environment.”

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2
Q

HEALTH FOR ALL

A

Holistic (Biopsychosocial approach)
Equity & Equality
Accessibility
Liaison with Community
Teamwork Multi disciplinary
Health Promotion

Funding & Resources (
Other sectors ( Intersectoral collaboration)
Rights (Human Rights)

Acceptability / Appropriateness
Literature (Evidence based Practice)
Levels of Care & Referral

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3
Q

Health Promotion toolbox

A
  • Human rights issues
  • appropriate technology
  • ethical considerations
  • policy
  • mass media
  • community interaction
    -behaviour change
  • advocacy
    -research - qualitative and quantitative
    primary data collection vs systematic and traditional reviews
    situational analysis
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4
Q

What is the process to go through before doing
an intervention

A

Individual/Family Level
*Triage
*History
*Examination
*Investigations
*Assessment
*Intervention

Community Level
*Assessment
–Define and prioritize Problem
–Community participation, networking, ID resources
–Investigations Speaking to more stakeholders
*Analysis
*Examine Existing policy
*Evidence based research on the topic
*Action Intervention roll out
–Behavior change
–Education
–Advocacy
–Media
–Resources, Logistics
*Monitoring & evaluation

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5
Q

proposed strategy for HP activity

A
  1. Need to Define Problem
  2. Engage with different stakeholders
  3. SMART objectives
  4. Liaise & brief with stakeholders
  5. Develop a plan
  6. ID resources
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6
Q

What is health promotion

A

is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their
health.

It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and
environmental interventions

The overall aims of health promotion had been set out in the
Ottowacharter

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7
Q

The ottawa charter for health promotion

A

-Build Healthy Public Policy
-Create Supportive Environments
-Strengthen Community Actions
-Develop Personal Skills
-Reorient Health Services

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8
Q

What does health promotion encompass beyond health care?

A

Health promotion goes beyond health care by putting health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors.

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9
Q

What are policy makers directed to be aware of in health promotion?

A

Policy makers are directed to be aware of the health consequences of their decisions and to accept their responsibilities for health.

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10
Q

What approaches are combined in building healthy public policy?

A

Building healthy public policy combines diverse but complementary approaches, including legislation, fiscal measures, taxation, and organizational change.

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11
Q

What should coordinated action in health policy lead to?

A

Coordinated action should lead to health, income, and social policies that foster greater equity.

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12
Q

How does healthy public policy contribute to the environment and public services?

A

It contributes to ensuring safer and healthier goods and services, healthier public services, and cleaner, more enjoyable environments.

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13
Q

What must be identified and removed to adopt healthy public policies in non-health sectors?

A

Obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors must be identified and removed.

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14
Q

What is the ultimate aim of building healthy public policy?

A

The ultimate aim is to make the healthier choice the easier choice for policy makers as well.

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15
Q

Why can’t health be separated from other societal goals?

A

Health cannot be separated from other goals because our societies are complex and interrelated.

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16
Q

What constitutes the basis for a socioecological approach to health?

A

The inextricable links between people and their environment constitute the basis for a socioecological approach to health

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17
Q

What is the need for reciprocal maintenance in health promotion?

A

There is a need to encourage reciprocal maintenance, which involves taking care of each other, our communities, and our natural environment.

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18
Q

What is our global responsibility regarding natural resources?

A

Conservation of natural resources throughout the world is a global responsibility.

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19
Q

How should work and leisure be organized to benefit health?

A

Work and leisure should be organized to be sources of health for people, contributing to the creation of a healthy society.

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20
Q

What does health promotion generate in terms of living and working conditions?

A

Health promotion generates living and working conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying, and enjoyable.

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21
Q

Why is the systematic assessment of health impact important in a rapidly changing environment?

A

It is important to systematically assess the health impact of changes, particularly in areas of technology, work, energy production, and urbanization, to ensure they contribute positively to health.

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22
Q

What must be addressed in any health promotion strategy regarding the environment

A

The protection of the natural and built environments and the conservation of natural resources must be addressed in any health promotion strategy.

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23
Q

Why is community action important in health promotion?

A

Concrete and effective community action is always needed in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies, and implementing them to achieve better health.

24
Q

What does empowerment of communities involve?

A

Empowerment of communities involves their ownership and control of their own endeavors and destinies.

25
Q

How does community development contribute to health promotion?

A

Community development draws on existing human and material resources in the community to enhance self-help and social support, and to develop flexible systems for strengthening public participation in and direction of health matters.

26
Q

What is required for effective community development in health promotion?

A

Effective community development requires full and continuous access to information, learning opportunities for health, as well as funding support.

27
Q

What are the key elements that community development relies on to strengthen public participation in health matters?

A

The key elements include enhancing self-help, social support, and developing flexible systems for public participation.

28
Q

How does health promotion support personal and social development?

A

Health promotion supports personal and social development by providing information, education for health, and enhancing life skills.

29
Q

What is the goal of increasing the options available to people through health promotion?

A

The goal is to enable people to exercise more control over their own health and environments, and to make choices conducive to health.

30
Q

Why is it important for people to learn throughout life?

A

It is important for people to learn throughout life to prepare themselves for all of its stages and to cope with chronic illness and injuries.

31
Q

In which settings should health education and skill enhancement be facilitated?

A

Health education and skill enhancement should be facilitated in school, home, work, and community settings.

32
Q

What types of bodies and institutions should take action to develop personal skills in health promotion?

A

Action is required through educational, professional, commercial, and voluntary bodies, as well as within the institutions themselves.

33
Q

Who shares the responsibility for health promotion in health services?

A

The responsibility is shared among individuals, community groups, health professionals, health service institutions, and governments.

34
Q

What should these groups work together towards?

A

They must work together towards a health care system that contributes to the pursuit of health.

35
Q

How should the role of the health sector change in terms of health promotion?

A

The health sector must move increasingly in a health promotion direction, beyond its responsibility for providing clinical and curative services.

36
Q

What kind of mandate should health services embrace?

A

Health services should embrace an expanded mandate that is sensitive to and respects cultural needs, supporting the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life.

37
Q

What should this expanded mandate support?

A

This mandate should support the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life and open channels between the health sector and broader social, political, economic, and physical environmental components.

38
Q

What additional focus is required for reorienting health services?

A

Reorienting health services requires stronger attention to health research and changes in professional education and training.

39
Q

What should these changes lead to in the organization of health services?

A

These changes should lead to a change of attitude and organization of health services, refocusing on the total needs of the individual as a whole person.

40
Q

Health Promotion Toolbox

A

Education
Behaviour change
Mass Media
Community participation
Mediation
Advocacy
Policy Change
Research
–Qualitative and Quantitative

41
Q

Education

A

This is what most people associate health promotion as being.

Important concepts to remember
-Education strategy has to be appropriate for setting
-Individual vs Group education
-Knowledge is power

42
Q

Behaviour Change

A

Many of the problems health promotion seeks to tackle involves behaviour change

43
Q

Mass media

A

Important things to remember
 It needs to be appropriate
 Ideally involves community participation in its invention, validation and implementation.
 It should be piloted before it is implemented

44
Q

Community participation

A

Arguably one of the most important tools in the HP toolbox

●Many people involved in the community’s activities and projects
●There is no elite leader, everyone works together
●Open to involvement by all groups
●Responsibilities are divided up according to talents and interests of contributing organisations or groups
●Power and responsibility is decentralised
●There are many centres of activity
●Community action engages natural enthusiasm and talents of citizens
●Activities and projects are conducted openly and publicized widely
●Citizens are well informed about activities and projects
●There is opportunity for personal involvement
●All ideas are welcomed and treated with the same respect and value
●There is no discrimination against various groups or persons offering themselves to get involved
All persons are welcome no matter the: colour, age, race, prior involvement, education, occupation, reputation, handicap, religion etc
●Communities are active, reach out to citizens and encourage involvement

45
Q

Mediation

A

When more than one group within a community are in conflict, then mediation is required.

46
Q

Advocacy

A

Think of this as taking community participation and mediation to another level
When there is a problem in the community which cannot be solved through mediation, then
advocacy is required.

Advocacy can be looked at
At an individual level…..where one advocates for a case (As a clinician, you will be advocating for your patients all the time)
At a community level…….advocating for causes within a community, albeit locally or globally

47
Q

Policy

A

Problems which arise at a policy level
There is no policy on a matter…….or even unhealthy policy……..examples include those which result in exploitation of people or of natural resources
There is good existing policy, however it is not being properly implemented……..and this may require education, mass media, community participation, mediation and/or advocacy to make sure that it is all put in place.

48
Q

Research

A
  • Forms a very important part of health promotion (yet is so often forgotten)
  • Without evidence it is very difficult to motivate for change
  • One could argue that all research which is ethical is potentially part of health promotion.
  • Research forms an important part of the planning cycle process.
  • Qualitative research helps us to identify new problems
  • Quantitative research helps us to determine how big the problem is
49
Q

Summary of Health Belief model

A

For people to adopt recommended physical
activity behaviors, their perceived threat of
disease (and its severity) and benefits of
action must outweigh their perceived
barriers to action.

50
Q

Key concepts of health belief

A

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits of
action
Perceived barriers to
action
Cues to action
Self-efficacy

51
Q

Stages of change (transtheoretical model) summary

A

In adopting healthy behaviors (e.g., regular
physical activity) or eliminating unhealthy
ones (e.g., watching television), people
progress through five levels related to their
readiness to change—pre-contemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action, and
maintenance. At each stage, different
intervention strategies will help people
progress to the next stage.

52
Q

Key concepts of stages of change

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

53
Q

Summary of ecological model of exam

A

Effective interventions must influence
multiple levels because health is shaped by
many environmental subsystems, including
family, community, workplace, beliefs and
traditions, economics, and the physical and
social environments.

54
Q

Key concepts of ecological approaches

A

Multiple levels of
influence
* Intrapersonal
* Interpersonal
* Institutional
* Community
* Public policy

55
Q

Individuals theory for HP

A
  1. Health belief model
  2. Stages of change
    (transtheoretical
    model)
  3. Relapse prevention
  4. Information processing
    paradigm
56
Q

Theories on interpersonal level

A
  1. Social learning/ social
    cognitive theory
  2. Theory of
    reasoned action
  3. Theory of planned
    behavior
  4. Social Support
57
Q

Community level theories

A
  1. Community
    organization model
  2. Ecological approaches
  3. Organizational change
    theory
  4. Diffusion of innovations
    theory

Health Promotion (2 decks)

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