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311 Radbio > Worksheet > Flashcards

Worksheet Flashcards

1
Q

Of the various macromolecules sensitive to radiation damage, ___ are considered the most sensitive.

A

DNA

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2
Q

The biologically reactive molecular by-products formed during radiolysis of water are thought to be ___?

A

H* and OH*

*=free radical

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3
Q

Usually, radiation interacts with DNA:
A. Directly
B. Indirectly

A

Indirectly

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4
Q

Free radical ions are associated with biological injury induced by which type of radiation?

A

Diagnostic x-ray

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5
Q 
Chromosome aberrations can
A. Lead to cell death
B. Occur in a genetic cell
C. Result in abnormal metabolic activity
D. All of the above
A

All of the above

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6
Q 
Which of the following is true about the target theory?
A. A key sensitive molecule exists
B. Radiation interaction is nonspecific
C. Radiation interaction is random
D. All
A

All of the above

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7
Q

When water is irradiated, by products of the initial encounter are:

A

HOH+ and e-

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8
Q 
Which of the following is an example of anabolism?
A. Radiolysis of water
B. Main-chain scission
C. Protein Synthesis
D. Transfer RNA
A

C. Protein synthesis

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9
Q

An atom or molecule having an unpaired electron in its outer shell is called?

A

Free radical

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10
Q

A comparison of G1 and G2 phases indicates that:
A. They both require the same time
B. There is twice the DNA in G1 as in G2
C. There is twice the DNA in G2 as in G1

A

C. Twice the DNA in G2 as in G1

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11
Q

DNA synthesis occurs during?

A

The S phase

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12
Q

What phase can you see radiation damage?

A

Metaphase

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13
Q 
Which of the following would be most sensitive to irradiation?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Leukocytes
D. Platelets
A

B. Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Which cells are the most radiosensitive?

A

Erythroblasts

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15
Q

The photoelectric effect is the interaction between x-ray photons and matter that is largely responsible for patient dose. The photoelectric effect is most likely to occur under the following conditions?

  1. With absorbers of high atomic number
  2. With low energy incident photons
  3. With the use of positive contrast agents
A

All 3

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16
Q

What are electrically charged particles called?

A

Ions

17
Q

Where are ions located? What gets ionized?

A

In molecules.

Atoms get ionized

18
Q

Why are ionization events significant?

A

Ion and free e- have potential to cause damage

19
Q

What can ions do to living tissue?

A

Create unstable atoms, cause + and - charged ions, create free radicals, create new biologic molecules, alter normal function of cells

20
Q

List the properties of x-radiation

A 
Invisible
Varying degrees of penetration
Not influenced by magnetic or electrical fields
Have no mass or charge
Travel at speed of light in straight line
Cause certain materials to fluoresce
Cannot focus them with a lens
Will darken photographic film
Heterogeneous beam
21
Q

What are the goals of radiation protection programs?

A

Protect from short and long term effects

22
Q

Where can radiation effects occur in the body?

A

Organs
Whole body
Future generations

23
Q

Define radiation protection

A

Measures employed by radiation workers to protect themselves, patients, co-workers, public, from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

24
Q

What is “necessary” radiation?

A

Limiting scatter and secondary radiation

25
Q

What is “unnecessary”?

A

Overutilization of radiation

26
Q

What is special about x-rays and gamma rays?

A

High enough frequency to be ionizing
Has properties of waves and particles
At higher energies acts more like a particle

27
Q

Name the categories of radiation and what falls into these categories

A

Natural: planetary-dirt/soil, cosmic-from daily sun, internal-foods we eat
Man-made: consumer products, air travel, nuclear fuel, medical radiation

28
Q

What is the largest source of manmade radiation in the US?

A

Medical imaging (CT and nuc med)

29
Q

What is the average background radiation dose received by US citizens in a year?

A

3 mSv a year

30
Q

What is the average dose from manmade radiation per year in the US?

A

3.3 mSv a year

31
Q

What is the NEXT program?

A

National program conducted to characterize the radiation dose patients receive.

32
Q

What is OSL? What is it made of?

A

Optically stimulated luminesces

Aluminum oxide, aluminum, tin, and copper

33
Q

What is TLD? What is it made of?

A

Thermoluminescese dosimeter

Lithium flouride

34
Q

What is the wear time of OSL and TLD?

A

OSL=up to 1 year, changed out 1-3 months

TLD=up to 3 months, changed out monthly

35
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of OSL?

A

A: Low radiation environments-preggos. Light weight, durable. Color coding, icon locations. Not affected by heat, moisture, pressure. Can be reanalyzed multiple times.
D: Exposure cannot be determined day of. Only records body part where device is worn

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of TLD?

A

A: Reusable. Not affected by temp, humidity, pressure
D: Higher cost. Can only be read once

37
Q

Method of readout for OSL and TLD?

A

OSL: laser light at selected frequencies at monitoring company.
TLD: TLD analyzer, measures amount of ionizing radiation TLD has been exposed to

38
Q

What is PDI? Advantages and disadvantages?

A

Personnel Digital Ionization.
A: USB type/size. Memory chip stores data. Reusable. Can be read at work. Can have GPS.
D: Can only get readout once

39
Q

What is PIC? Advantages and disadvantages?

A

Pocket Ionization Chamber (Pocket dosimeter)
A: Used in areas of high exposures. Read daily. Reusable. Can be read at work. Compact size. Long term wear.
D: Must be charged before using. Gives inaccurate readings when dropped or not read daily. Costly $. No permanent legal record of exposure. Daily wear.

311 Radbio (3 decks)

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