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AHW Module > Working with Horses > Flashcards

Working with Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name for a horse?

A

Equus Caballus

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2
Q

What are the 3 ‘bands’ that occur in horses social structure?

A

Harem/Offspring
- Stable core of mares ( >4 years old)
- 1+ Stallion
- Immature offspring
Mare & Offspring
- No stallions
- Together for around 6 months
Bachelor
- Young males
- Older males that are no longer in harem

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3
Q

What are the 3 modern uses of horses?

A

Companion
Athlete
Work

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4
Q

What is the underlying cause of the majority of horse problems?

A

Most issues with horses are man made as the way they now live goes against their instinctual and natural state.

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5
Q

What are the issues with human dictated ‘herds’?

A
  • No natural bands
    -Unstable hierarchy
  • Separated based on age and/or gender
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6
Q

Apart from herds what are other things that humans now dictate in a horses life that is unnatural?

A

Reproduction, exercise, diet, used individually, horse-to-horse contact

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7
Q

Why do most donkeys that are referred to the vet put down?

A

They are prey animals so they mask their pain so well that when it is finally noticed it is too late

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8
Q

What is the main way in which horses will communicate to each other?

A

Through their body language
This includes:
- facial expressions
- ear position and head height
- limb and tail movements

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9
Q

What is the less common way in which horses communicate and what are their main reasons for using this?

A

They will use vocalisation (whinny, squeal, nicker, snort) for dominance, discipline, danger or separation

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10
Q

Why do horses have strong flight or fight?

A

Because they are prey animals

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11
Q

What are the 5 main signs of low arousal (calm) in horses?

A
  • Ears neutral
  • Ears occasionally moving
  • Head level with withers
  • Resting hind leg
  • ‘Droopy’ bottom lip
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12
Q

What are the 8 main signs of high arousal (excitement, stress, aggression) in horses?

A
  • Head above withers (no longer level)
  • Limbs moving
  • Ears alert
  • Ears flat against head
  • Teeth bared
  • Vocalisation
  • Whites of eyes showing
  • Tense neck muscles
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13
Q

What are the two types of vision that horses have?

A

Monocular
Binocular

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14
Q

Where are horses blind spots?

A

Directly in-front, behind or below their noses

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15
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Seeing with two eyes together to form a single image

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16
Q

What is monocular vision?

A

The eyes work separately allowing a wider field of images on each side of the head

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17
Q

What is the ‘near-side’ of a horse?

A

Its left side

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18
Q

What is the ‘off-side’ of a horse?

A

Its right side

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19
Q

Which side of a horse do you always work from?

A

The ‘near-side’ (LEFT SIDE)

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20
Q

What are the two most common methods of restraining?

A
  • Head collar and lead rope
  • Bridle
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21
Q

What are 4 less common forms of restraint?

A
  • ‘Chifney’
  • Chemical (sedation)
  • Holding one leg
  • Neck or nose twitch
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22
Q

When, by law, are all equids required to have a passport?

A

6 months of age

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23
Q

What must an equine passport contain?

A

Record of routine vaccines
If horse is intended for human consumption
Written narrative with drawn silhouette
Breeding history
Microchip number and owner details

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24
Q

What organisations hold all horses passport info and microchip details and who manages this?

A

Held by: Central equine Database and National ChipChecker
Managed by: Equine Register for DEFRA

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25
Q

When writing a passport what must vets follow for certification and who supports the guidance on this?

A

10 Principle of Certification - RCVS

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26
Q

Can anyone make and certify an equine passport?

A

No, it must be done by a veterinary surgeon.

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27
Q

Where should microchips be placed?

A

In or adjacent to the nuchal ligament at the top of the left mid crest

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28
Q

What must you do prior to microchip implantation?
What must you do after implantation?

A

Scan the neck for presence of a microchip
Test that the microchip is functioning correctly

Re-scan the implantation site to confirm successful implantation

29
Q

How should the microchip appear on the silhouette and on the narrative?

A

Silhouette: circled letter M, if the microchip moves the new location should be shown via an arrow attached to the microchip

Narrative: description of microchip location

30
Q

What is the gestation period for horses?

When do horses hit puberty?

A

320-340 days

12-24 months

31
Q

How would you describe these horses sex…
Female under 4 years
Female over 4 years
Uncastrated male under 4 years
Uncastrated male over 4 years
Castrated male of any age

A

Filly
Mare
Colt
Stallion
Gelding

32
Q

What is the gestation period for a donkey?

When do donkeys hit puberty?

A

340 to 370 days

12-24 months

33
Q

How would you describe these donkeys sex…
Female
Male

A

Jenny
Jack

34
Q

What is the offspring from a Jack and a Mare called?

A

A mule

35
Q

What is the offspring from a Stallion and a Jenny called?

A

Hinny

36
Q

When measuring a horse what is one hand equal to?

A

4 inches

37
Q

When measuring a horse where do you take the measurement from?

A

From the ground to the highest point of the withers

38
Q

How many HH must a horse be to be considered a horse?
How many HH must a horse be to be considered a pony?

A

14.3 hh or over
14.2 hh or under

39
Q

What are the definitions for these equine terms…
Yearling
Broodmare
Dam
Sire

A

Yearling: Horse between 12-24 months old (thoroughbreds, 1st jan after birth date)
Broodmare: female horse kept specifically for breeding
Dam: mother of horse/pony
Sire: father of horse/pony

40
Q

When describing a horse what is the difference between type and breed?

A

The type of horse refers to its function, the breed of horse refers to what is is
ie. Breed: Shire horse
Type: Draught horse

41
Q

What colour pen should be used to indicate a white marking on a passport silhouette?
Which pattern indicates a white marking on a passport silhouette?
If a white mark has a border of mixed colours and white hairs, how do you indicate this?

A

Red
Scores
Hatching

42
Q

What are lay terms and can they be used when describing equine markings on a passport?

A

Lay terms are terms such as ‘sock’ and ‘stocking’ but these can NOT be used on the passport, they must be described using their anatomical location

43
Q

Apart from white markings what are other characteristics that could be recorded on both the silhouette and narrative of the passport?

A

Flesh marks, ‘prophets thumb’, acquired marks eg. scars, brand, freeze mark, whorls, black spots on white markings

44
Q

What are whorls and how are they drawn on the silhouette of the passport?

A

Whorls are areas of hair that change direction or flow and they are shown by marking an X

45
Q

What are the two types of equine housing that exist?

A

Individual
- traditional stabling
- American barns
Group
- crew yards

46
Q

What are the advantages to individual housing (especially traditional)?
What are the advantages to group housing?

A

They are ideal for box rest and prevention of disease spread
Allow more natural environment as horses are kept in small social groups

47
Q

What would a well-designed stable include?

A
  • suitable size (horse should be able to lie down both laterally and recumbently for REM sleep)
  • adequate ventilation and drainage
  • free from draughts and water damage
  • allows free access to water (adults drink up to 50L a day)
48
Q

How big should a stable be for horses over 14.3hh?

A

12ft by 12ft

49
Q

What are the basic bedding requirements for horses?

A

Must be free from dust as its bad for the respiratory systems, must be non-edible (straw is a big no for bedding)

50
Q

What is beneficial about ‘grass-kept’ horses?

A

Able to show natural behaviours like foraging, increases exercise and fitness, enables horse-horse contact, brakes up routine

51
Q

What does good grassland management look like?

A

Access to fresh clean water, well-maintained field, regular removal of droppings to reduce risk of endoparasites, appropriate well-maintained fencing, natural or artificial shelter, appropriate stock density

52
Q

What is the minimum numbers of acres recommended per horse?

A

1-1.5 acres

53
Q

What are some of the consequences associated with poor grassland management?

A

reduced access to appropriate nutrition, increased risk of injury and disease, increased risk of endoparasites, development of undesirable behaviour

54
Q

What is a poached field?

A

A field with lots of churned up mud resulting in no grass and a high risk of injury or illness

55
Q

What causes mud fever in horses?

A

Standing constantly in wet soggy mud (shows as red sores just above hoof)

56
Q

What are 3 poisonous plants for horses that can be found in the UK?

A

Ragwort, Oak, Sycamore

57
Q

What is the mortality of ragwort, oak and sycamore for horses if ingested?

A

Ragwort: Fatal due to late onset clinical signs
Oak: Severe illness (must consume large quantities)
Sycamore: Rapid onset of clinical signs, deterioration within 6-12 hours, mortality rate of 75%

58
Q

What are the lasting effects ragwort digestion can cause to horses?

A

Irreparable liver damage

59
Q

What in oak/acorns causes illness to horses once ingested and what does it cause?

A

Tannic acid, it causes signs of colic and/or can kill them due to toxicity

60
Q

Why must ragwort be removed before it flowers?

A

Once it flowers it is already releasing seeds

61
Q

What in sycamore causes illness in horses?

A

The toxin Hypoglycin-A or HGA

62
Q

How many sycamore seeds must horses consume for it to be fatal?

A

30g

63
Q

Why do horses eat sycamore seeds?

A

They only chose to eat them when there isn’t enough grazing available to them

64
Q

What does routine pasture management involve?

A

Frequent removal of droppings (removes worms found in poo so horses don’t ingest them again)
Fertilising and ‘topping’ pasture
‘Resting’ paddocks
Routine harrowing

65
Q

What are the essential daily checks that must occur to maintain good grassland?

A

Checking water access
Checking fence damage
Checking for, debris, poisonous plants, rubbish etc.

66
Q

What are the main impacts that horses have on the environment?

A
  • Overgrazing and/or overstocking
  • High parasite burden due to high faecal load
  • Destruction of turf
  • Disposal of waste bedding
  • Carcass disposal
67
Q

How can equine carcasses be disposed?

A
  • Cremation
  • Abattoir
  • Hunt kennels
    (- They cannot usually be buried)
68
Q
A

AHW Module (10 decks)

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