Canine Flashcards by Tilly Lakie

What does TEMP stand for?

T - tail
E - ears and eyes
M - mouth
P - posture

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Are dogs carnivores, omnivores or herbivores?

How should dogs be fed?

Omnivores

According to their life stage so that they are receiving the correct nutrients for what their body most needs

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Overall, a dogs diet should be…

Complete (can get complete red that can be given alone, or complementary which should be given with other food)
Life-stage appropriate
Given in correct amounts
Commercially prepared and available

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What are some brands that have prescription diets?

What are some diseases that require prescription diets?

Royal canin, Hills, Purina

Obesity
Diabetes
GI/Digestive
Liver disease
Dental disease
Urinary issues
Allergies (hypoallergenic)

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What do the following infectious diseases affect:
Distemper
Infectious Hepatitis
Parvovirus
Leptospirosis
Parainfluenza
Bordetella bronchiseptica

How can they be prevented?

Distemper - affects GI and resp. tract
Infectious Hepatitis - affects liver
Parvovirus - affects GI tract
Leptospirosis - affects liver and kidney
Parainfluenza - affects resp. tract
Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough) - affects resp. tract

Vaccinate as puppies and then give boosters!
Separate live vaccine for kennel cough

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What does zoonotic mean?

Disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans

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Of the infectious diseases mentioned that affect dogs, which are zoonotic?

Distemper
Infectious Hepatitis
Parvovirus
Leptospirosis
Parainfluenza
Bordetella bronchiseptica

Leptospirosis – it is known as Weil’s disease in humans

Bordetella bronchiseptica – it is a particular risk for immunocompromised and pregnant individuals

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Identify 2 other zoonotic disease (ones not yet mentioned) and describe how they can be prevented:

Rabies - vaccine especially if the animal will be travelling abroad (also infectious)

Roundworms - regular worming, dispose of faeces, good hygiene

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What are some inherited disorders dogs can have?

Elbow Dysplasia
Hip Dysplasia
Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
Syringomyelia (Cavalier King Charles)
Cryptorchidism
Eye conditions, such as glaucoma or retinal dysplasia

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What schemes are run by the kennel club for hereditary disorders?

Hip dysplasia
Elbow dysplasia
Eye scheme

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What are common ectoparasites that dogs suffer from?

What are ectoparasites?

flea
tick
ear mite
demodex mite

Parasites that live outside of the host (on skin or coat)

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What type of product preparations are available for flea prevention in dogs?

How often should dogs be treated for fleas?

Range available from veterinary practices and shops/pharmacies. Preparations include spot-ons, tablets & collars. There are also sprays available for the house.

Varies depending on products but usually every 4 weeks. Preventative flea treatment is all year round.

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What are common endoparasites that dogs suffer from?

What are endoparasites?

Worms - round and tape
Protozoa

Parasites that live inside the host.

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How do dogs contract worms?

How often should dogs be wormed?

contact with infected faeces
contact with contaminated soil
fleas (intermediate host)
eating eggs or larvae
mothers milk
ingestion of snails
through the placenta

Depends on dog and product. Puppies need preventative worming treatment monthly until 6 months of age and every 3-6 months thereafter, usually. Year long treatment as not seasonal.

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What are the routine procedures done on dogs?

vaccination
microchipping (legal requirement)
neutering
parasite control
dental hygiene

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What is the female neutering procedure called in dogs?

What is the male neutering procedure called in dogs?

Spay - either an ovariohysterectomy (removal of uterus and ovaries) or ovariectomy (removal of ovaries)

Castration - removal of both testicles

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When can female dogs be neutered?

This is breed and size dependent and based on oestrus
Very much risk and benefit dependant wether it should happen before or after their 1st season
Larger dogs usually after 1st for growth an developmental purposes
If after season, usually 3 month after to risk hormonal problems and intra-operative bleeding

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When can male dogs be neutered?

Breed dependant but should be fully grown to avoid development issues. In larger breeds the later the safer.

What is the term for when one, or both testicles, have not descended?

Cryptorchidism

What are the benefits of spaying?

Prevent seasons, prevents pregnancy, prevents pyometra, prevent false pregnancies, prevent ovarian cancer, reduce the chance of mammary problems (e.g. tumours)

What are the top 3 welfare issues listed by the RVC from a study they did on the UK in 2014?

inappropriate husbandry
lack of owner knowledge
undesirable behaviour

What are the top 3 welfare issues that are most urgent and most easy to solve listed by the RVC from a study they did on the UK in 2014?

conformation-related disorders (like BOAS)
inappropriate socialisation
inherited disease

What are the top 4 welfare issues that the veterinary profession needs to highlight and address listed by the BVA from a study they did on the UK in 2017?

Inherited disease & exaggerated conformation
Production of puppies (puppy farms, illegal importation)
Unrecognised or untreated disease
Inappropriate training and unregulated behaviourists

“The Animal Welfare Act 2006 is the principal law relating to animal welfare”
What are the 5 key points, which pet owners must ensure they meet?

Suitable environment and place to live
Suitable diet
Exhibit normal behaviour patterns
Be housed with, or apart from, other 5. animals (if applicable)
Be protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease

What is a controversial topic I have come across in relation to dogs?

XL Bullys There is a mix of opinions globally as why should all XL bullies have to suffer because of a owners who didn’t train their dogs correctly and back yard breeders. It is also controversial as dogs are having to be destroyed just down to the fact that owners cannot afford to accommodate the new legislations.

What are some other controversial topics in the dog community?

- raw diets - ear cropping (illegal to be done in this country but not illegal to import) - BOAS - obesity - homeopathic treatment - tail docking - vegetarian diets - electric shock collars

How long ago did dogs become dogs? Why do dogs have an extended juvenile period? Who are dogs reared by? Dogs are altricial, what does this mean? What are dogs like socially? (not sure if this is all in reference to dogs or wolves)

15,000 years ago (some studies suggest 27,000) To incorporate social learning Maternal and paternal rearing Move out of family at 6-8 months Extensive communication system

What is the term for dogs? What is the term for wolves?

Dogs - canine lupus familiaris Wolf - canine lupus

How have dogs become domesticated?

Artificial selection for behavioural and morphological characteristics

What are domesticated phenotypes?

Change in features like eyes, tails and ears due to domestication

What are the key features of dogs sight?

- tapetum lucidum - 6x less detail sensitive than humans - red green colour blind - wilder field of vision but less binocular and less 3D

What are the key features of dogs smell/olfaction?

- Olfactory epithelium: Canines smell up to 12 miles away. 10 to 15 times more sensitive than humans - Olfactory receptors: dog 220million, human 5 million - Jacobson organ detects + intensifies smells - Detect substances at extremely low concentrations

What are the key features of dog hearing?

- Dog 15-40,000Hz, human 30-30,000Hz (can hear over 4x further than humans)

What are the key features of dog taste?

- Recognise: bitter, sweet, salty, sour - 1500 taste buds in dog, 9000 in humans

What are the key features of dog touch?

- Pressure, vibration, heat, cold, pain - Vibrissae (whiskers: muzzle, eye ...)

What sense in dogs gives them awareness of their body position, adjustments and balance?

Kinaesthesia

What are the different general dog breeds?

Mixed breed (1 or more parents mixed) Crossbreed (both parents recognised breed) Purebreed (parents the same) Pedigree (both parent the same with documentation)

What are the 6 roles that dogs can have?

- work - research - sport/hobby - companion - feral - breeding

What are the types of dog breeds?

Gundog Hound Working Utility Terrier Pastoral (herd livestock, heelers) Toy (companion)

What 5 factors should potential owners consider when thinking about a dog? Thinking about a breed?

Place - Breed knowledge - Exercise - Time - Finances Size - Exercise - Ear type - Skin type - Breed temperament - Lifespan - INHERITED DEFECTS

What is the best training method?

Positive reinforcement - A reward (or predictor of reward like praise) is used to reinforce desirable behaviour and undesirable behaviour is ignored.

Do vets fix behavioural issues?

As a vet your not expected to fix behavioural problem you jts give behavioural first aid and then recommend where the owners should go - clinical animals behaviourist - behaviourist counsellor - trainer - veterinary prescription medication

English companion animal law reflects three areas of responsibility, these are...

Responsibility to owners (e.g. animals are property, so it is unlawful to steal/damage them) Responsibility to others (e.g. people, property, other animals) Responsibility to the animal (e.g. welfare issues)