Working on the robot society

Question 1

Historic effect of technology

Answer 1

Elimination of jobs in old sectors but creation of jobs in new sectors

Question 2

“Jobless” growth phenomenon

Answer 2

Economic growth without job growth, often caused by new technological innovations

Question 3

Job Polarisation

Answer 3

Growth of high and low skilled jobs at the expense of middle-skilled or routine jobs; caused by IT revolution

Question 4

Skill-Biased Technological Change Theory

Answer 4

technological change bosts demand for high-skilled workers, ultimately leading to greater skill across the entire working population

Question 5

Routine-Biased Technological Change Theory

Answer 5

technological advancements disproportionately affect and replace routine, repetivive tasks, leading to decline in middle-skilled jobs and contributing to job polarisation

Question 6

Factors that can affect job polarisation

Answer 6

labour market regulations, minimum wages, trade unions

Question 7

Theories on Automation

Answer 7

machines will replace human workers more extensively than in the past

VS

predictions of technological progress are overstated

Question 8

Dancing with Robots Framework

Answer 8

the idea of humans and robots working collaboratively to enhance productivity and efficiency in various fields by combining the strengths of both

Question 9

Globalisation - effects on job market

Answer 9

leads to elimination and relocation of jobs as high-grade jobs can be performed at lower-cost locations

Question 10

Skills mismatch - underqualification and overqualification

Answer 10

occurs when the skills and qualifications of available workers do not align with the skill requirements of available job positions in the labor market - includes both over and underqualification

Question 11

First and Second Machine Age

Answer 11

The “First Machine Age” represents the period during the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the Industrial Revolution introduced mechanization and steam power, while the “Second Machine Age,” often associated with the late 20th and early 21st centuries, is marked by the widespread adoption of digital technology, computers, and automation, transforming various aspects of society and the economy.

Question 12

Importance of Education and Training in context of Job Polarisation

Answer 12

essential to tackling skills mismatch and getting people working (again)

Question 13

HR strategies to Tackle Job Polarisation

Answer 13

self-managing teams, job rotation, training in cooperation, information sharing, strengthening relationship between businesses and educational instutions

Question 14

Skills that Differentiate Students from Computers and are thus important in the Second Machine Age

Answer 14

creativity, interpersonal skills, metacognitivie abilities, digital literacy

Question 15

OECD Skills Outlook

Answer 15

in-depth analysis by OECD of skills development and utilization in member countries, offering insights and policy recommendations related to education, training, and labor market issues to enhance individuals’ skills and improve economic and social outcomes

Question 16

Platform #Onderwijs 2032

Answer 16

Netherlands initiative focused on defining the skills children will need as they enter school and the labour market in 2032

knowledge for learning and work, personal development, and social development

Question 17

Three Industrial Revolutions

Answer 17

The three industrial revolutions include the first, characterized by mechanization and the steam engine, the second marked by electricity and mass production, and the third, also known as the Digital Revolution, defined by the rapid growth of digital technology and automation.

Question 18

Phenomenons facilitated by the second machine age

Answer 18

outsourcing, offshoring, automation of cognitive tasks, internationalisation, flexibilisation, platformisation of labour, virtual network organisation, on-demand work access

Question 19

Gini coefficient

Answer 19

numerical measure of income or wealth inequality within a population, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality

Question 20

Platform capitalism

Answer 20

economic and business model where digital platforms, often operated by technology companies, facilitate and mediate interactions and transactions between users, enabling the exchange of goods, services, or information, while the platform operator often derives revenue through various means like fees, advertising, or data collection

Question 21

Focus of Public Debate on robots in the Job Market

Answer 21

The public debate often emphasises whether robots will lead to more or fewer jobs, while other essential themes, such as the societal aspects of IT and changes in labour organisation, receive less attention

Question 22

Robot Society

Answer 22

a future envisioned scenario where automation and technology significantly influence employment and broader societal dynamics, explored through insights and scientific perspectives on the relationship between technology and employment

Question 23

Possible Solutions to Job Impacts of IT

Answer 23

socially responsible innovation, education, and prosperity

Primary and secondary education should equip children with essential skills for the evolving economy, including metacognitive skills, entrepreneurship, and e-skills (#Onderwijs 2032)

Retraining and further training are vital for redundant workers, and matching demand and supply in the labor market is discussed

investment in digital skills and inclusive technology for disadvantaged populations

regulating platforms and preventing monopolies is introduced

balance between regulation and innovation is emphasized as these new business models offer opportunities for economic growth