WORKING-CLASS SUBCULTURE

Question 1

Sugarman (1970)

Answer 1

Working-class subculture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement:

Question 2

1. Fatalism (Sugarman; 1970)

Answer 2

a. A belief in fate
b. There is nothing you can do to change your status, which contrasts with the middle-class view that if you try hard enough you can achieve anything

Question 3

2. Collectivism (Sugarman; 1970)

Answer 3

a. Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
b. The middle class view is that you shouldn’t be held back by group loyalties

Question 4

3. Immediate Gratification (Sugarman; 1970)

Answer 4

a. Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
b. The middle class value deferred gratification

Question 5

4. Present-time Orientation (Sugarman; 1970)

Answer 5

a. The present is more important than the future, whereas the middle class believe planning for the future is important