LANGUAGE

Question 1

Hubbs-Tait et al (2002)

Answer 1

Where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate increases their understanding.

Question 2

Feinstein (2008)

Answer 2

a. Educated parents are more likely to use evaluative language
b. Less-educated parents tend to use language in ways that only require children to make simple descriptive statements

Question 3

Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)

Answer 3

Language used in lower-class homes is deficient, as they communicate through gestures, single words or disjointed phrases

Question 4

Bernstein (1975)

Answer 4

Two types of speech code; restricted and elaborated

Question 5

1. Restricted (Bernstein; 1975)

Answer 5

Features:

a. typically used by the working class
b. limited vocabulary
c. grammatically simple statements
d. context-bound: the speaker assumes that the listener shares the same set of experiences

Question 6

2. Elaborated (Bernstein; 1975)

Answer 6

Features:

a. typically used by the middle class
b. wide vocabulary
c. longer, grammatically more complex statements
d. context-free: the speaker doesn’t assume the listener shares the same experiences

Question 7

Why does the elaborated code give middle class children an advantage?

Answer 7

1. The elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams
2. It’s the most effective tool for analysing, reasoning and expressing thoughts
3. Middle class children are already fluent users so they feel ‘at home’ and are more likely to suceed