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Neuro > workbook part 1 > Flashcards

workbook part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neuron types: Pseudounipolar, bipolar and multipolar

A

Pseudounipolar are sensory. Bipolar are retinal and olfactory. Multipolar are everywhere else

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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

Main injury response, form gial scars. Part of glia limitans (BBB), numbers increase in inflammation enancing BBB protection

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3
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around axons, NOT from neural crest cells

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4
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes. Can be upregulated and causes damage in disease (e.g. Alzheimers)

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5
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line ventricles (choroid plexus epithelium) to produce CSF. If damaged, can take on rosette morphology and become nodular with astrocyte infiltration (ependymal granulations)

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6
Q

Which neurons are unmyelinated

A

Group C (slow pain transmission)

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7
Q

Vestibular neuromas are…

A

schwannomas, therefore not neuromas and actually neural crest cell derived

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8
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Connect the hemispheres (e.g. corpus callosum)

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9
Q

Association fibres

A

Connect areas within the same hemosph

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10
Q

Lateral horn (sympathetics) present in

A

T1-L2

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11
Q

Projection fibres

A

connect superficial to deep structures

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12
Q

Blood supply to basal ganglia

A

Anterior choroidal artery (branch of MCA), middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery. Stroke to middle cerebral would particularly affect the internal capsule, restricting communication with the somatosensory and somatomotor areas.

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13
Q

Difference between sensory and motor homunculi?

A

Sensory includes genitalia, motor has pharynx

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14
Q

Middle meningel artery

A

Comes from external carotid. Enters skull through foramen spinosu. Vulnerable at pterion (join of temporal, parietal, sphenoid and frontal bones) and can cause epidural bleed. Supplies dural

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15
Q

3 skull sutures

A

coronal, saggital and lamboid

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16
Q

Bones that make up the orbit

A

Sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla

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17
Q

lacrimal gland location, innervation and drainage

A

superior lateral side of eye. Innervated by ophthalmic nerve. Drains to inferior meatus in nose.

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18
Q

Muscle that opens eye

A

levator palpebrae
superioris (oculomotor nerve, CNIII). It also contains a smooth muscle, the superior
tarsal muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

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19
Q

Muscle that closes eye

A

orbicularis oculi

muscle (supplied by the facial nerve, CNVII)

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20
Q

Superior oblique muscle

A

Innervated by CNIV. Makes eye go down and out and intorts. Lesions cause people to tilt head away from affected side. CNIV decussates prior to exit from midbrain.

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21
Q

The reina and optic nerve are derficed from

A

diencephalon, therefore part of forebrain.

22
Q

Choroid layer (uvea) of the eyeball

A

Vascular layer

23
Q

optic disc -

A

entry point of optic nerve, blind spot

24
Q

fovea

A

area of high visual accuity, has high density of cones. Surrounded by macula

25
Q

cones and rods

A

rods do black and white, cones do colour and daylight.

26
Q

Blood supply to the eye

A

Ophthalmic artery, branch of ICA. No collateral circulation so blindness risk if compromised

27
Q

Flow of aqueous humour

A

The aqueous humour is secreted by the ciliary body into the posterior chamber. It
flows the the pupillary aperture and into the anterior chamber where it is reabsorbed
through trabecular network through Schlemm’s canal.

28
Q

Corneal blood supply

A

avasculure

29
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Afferent through CNVa, efferent through CNVII.

30
Q

pterygium

A

non cancerous growth of conjuctiva over the anterior of the eye (wing like structure)

31
Q

retinoblastoma

A

cancer at the back of the eye

32
Q

Eye movements: differentiate between IO/SR and SO/IR

A

Adduct and elevate for IO, adduct and depress for SO. Abduct and elevate for SR, abduct and depressfor IR

33
Q

cavernous sinus contents

A

anterior to posterior: Occulomotor, Trochlear, ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve. Then medial to lateral: ICA and abducens

34
Q

Abducens nuclei

A

anterior of the brainstem at the junction of the
pons and medulla. The cell bodies (nuclei) lie on the posterior aspect of the pons (internally
and pass through the body of the pons to emerge on the anterior surface).

35
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

A

Lies near CNVI in pons. contralateral eye fields and vestibular nuclei give input to PPRF, PPRF synapses with ipsilateral CNVI AND CNIII nucleus in midbrain (pathway to CNIII is medial longitudinal fasciculus).
Therefore, left frontal eye field stimulation means right PPRF is stimulated to stimulate right CNVI and left CNIII (therefore MR) to produce right gaze

36
Q

Eye lesions:

1) on left optic nerve
2) on decussations
3) on left optic tract
4) left meyers loop
5) input to left occiptal lobe

A

1) monoocular anopia (left)
2) bitemporal heminanopia
3) right homonymous hemianopia (both right side visual fields gone from both eyes)
4) contralateral superiorquadropia (upper right quadrant gone in both eyes on right visual field)
5) right homonymous hemianopia

37
Q

Muscles controlling pupil size

A 
The diameter of the iris is controlled by dilator pupillae (radial muscle fibres, innervated by 
sympathetic innervation(through superior cervical ganglion) which allow dilation) and 
sphincter pupillae (circular muscle fibres, parasympathetic innervation (oculomotor nerve) 
and they constrict the pupil)
38
Q

myopia

A

short sitedness, can’t focus on far away objects (focuses before retina). Use concave lens

39
Q

hhyperopia

A

long sites, can’t focus on close objects - focuses beyond retina. Use convex lens.
In presbo[ia, lens becomes rigid through age and can’t be as rounded, so convex lenses are used.

40
Q

CNS meningeal spaces

A

Epidural space: PotentialSpace between periosteal and meningeal dura. It contains
lymphatics, nerves, small arteries and dural venous sinuses.
Subdural space: Potential space
Sub-arachnoid space: Actual space with CSF

41
Q

Meningeal reflections

A

Falx cerebri runs along longitudinal fissure.
Tentorium cerebelli sits between cerebrum and cerebellum. Tentorial notch allows passage of brainstem. Diaphram sellae covers pituitary, with gap for infundibulum.
These are all dural reflections

42
Q

Dural innervation

A

Anterior: CNVa and CNVb branches
Middle: CNVa, CNVb and CNVc branches
59
Posterior: CNX and CN IX

43
Q

Vein that receives drainage from the IC veins?

A

Internal jugular vein

44
Q

emissary, meningeal, cerebral and diploic veins

A

Emissary run through the skull, meningeal run with the meningeal arteries, diploic run in the skull and cerebral run in the subarachnoid space

45
Q

Pterygoid venous plexus

A

Palate, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, auditory tube, deep parts of the scalp in the temporal region. Drains into maxillary vein, but anastamoses with facial vein, which also anastamoses with ophthalmic vein, therefore route to cavernous sinus.

46
Q

Flow of CSF in ventricles

A

Lateral horn of lateral ventricles, then posterior horn of lateral ventricles, then body of lateral ventricles, then anterior of lateral ventricles. Then through interventricular foramen to 3rd ventricle (with interthalamic adhesion), and then cerebral aqueduct to forth ventricle and central canal to spinal cord. Median and lateral apertures in 4th ventricle allow reabsorption. CSF leaves by superior sagital sinus through arachnoid villi (protrude into
the subarachnoid space). Valves are one-way, so blood will not flow through (Even if
CSF pressure < venous pressure).

47
Q

CSF function

A

protects brain, removes waste, provides nutrients, maintains ICP

48
Q

Occipital bone has groves

A

For transverse sinus

49
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A

inferior orbital fissure which transmits the zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve and the ascending branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

50
Q

Skull foramina

A

The superior orbital fissure is formed inferiorly by the sphenoid bone. CNIII, CNIV, CNVa
and CNVI run through this fissure.
The following foramen all run in the sphenoid bone
The foramen rotundum is where CNVb passes
The foramen ovale is where CNVc runs.
The formanen spinosum is where the middle meningeal artery and vein pass.
These foramina all lie posterior lateral to each other, but medially is the foramen lacerum.
The foramen lacerum is where the ICA enters into the skull (ICA runs over lacerum) then into the carotid canal.
Above the jugular foramen is the internal acoustic meatus (CNVIII and
CNVII pass through here).
75
The styo-mastoid forman is between the styloid and mastoid processes, and
CNVII exits the skull here.
The confluence of sinuses in
CNIX, X and XI (and IJV) all exit via jugular foramen
CNXI enters through foramen magnum
CNXII exits through hypoglossal canal (medial to foramen magnum)

Neuro (6 decks)

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