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Entomology > Work > Flashcards

Work Flashcards

1
Q

How many segments are insects made up of?

A

21 (7 head, 3 thorax, 8-11 abdominal segments)

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2
Q

What was the most primitive mouthparts in insects?

A

Mandibulate

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3
Q

Why did chewing mouthparts (mandibulate mouthparts) evolve first?

A

There was no smaller insects to suck the blood out of or flowering plants

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4
Q

How do plague locusts feed? (These form plagues)

A

Taste with feet and then move head move to eat if happy

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5
Q

What happens to the labrium while the insect is eating?

A

Goes up and down

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6
Q

Which head segments are the labrum, maxillae, mandibles and labium in?

A

Labrum: 1st
Maxillae: 5th
Mandibles: 4th
Labium: 6th

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7
Q

What is the arrangement of head and mouthparts in hypognathous insects?

A

Head vertical

Mouthparts vertical

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8
Q

Give examples of insects with hypognathous headparts

A

. Grasshoppers

. Locusts

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9
Q

What is the arrangement of head and mouthparts in prognathous insects?

A 
Head horizontal
Mouthparts anterior (stock forward)
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10
Q

Give examples of insects with prognathous mouthparts

A

Many beetles

Earwigs

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11
Q

What is the arrangement of head and mouthparts of Opisthognathous insects?

A

Head vertical

Mouthparts posterior

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12
Q

Give examples of insects that have opisthognathous mouthparts

A

Aphids
Cicadas
Leafhoppers
(Usually a sign they are blood suckers)

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13
Q

How many wings and legs do locusts have?

A

4 wings, 6 legs

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14
Q

What are the things insects can have modified back legs for?

A

. Jumping
. Sensors on legs so it can taste what it is standing in
. Can sense pressure or stress

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15
Q

Locusta tarsi have 3 segments. What is on each segment? What can the tarsi do?

A

1-2 soft pads with pulvilli underneath and two claws separates by an aerolium. Tarsi have sensillae on them to measure pressure and stress, to taste the substrate

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16
Q

Give the veins in an insects wing in order (front to back)

A

Costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, anal

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17
Q

How can we use wings to determine species?

A

Other than the anal vein they can all be more or less subdivided

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18
Q

How can you use wing veins to determine bees and wasps?

A

They have added cross veins

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19
Q

What are the pigmented spots some insects have on their wings called?

A

Pterostigma

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20
Q

What do butterflies/ moths and caddies-flies have on their wings that we can use to determine them?

A

Scales or hairs covering wings

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21
Q

What do wing veins do?

A

Veins help hold wings up in flight

Tell wings where to fold

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22
Q

What do haltere do?

A

Help flies balance

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23
Q

Describe how the characteristics of the pleuritic

A

Flexible

Membranous

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24
Q

Describe the characteristics of the aorta for non-muscular insects

A

Flimsy for any insect that is hardly muscular at all

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25
Q

Where does the nerve cord run?

A

Runs ventrally, runs between ganglia and nerves

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26
Q

What is an adaption of the haemocoel?

A

Can extend and expand a lot for eggs and food

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27
Q

Which segments are important in wing development?

A

Tergite, pleurite and sternite segments

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28
Q

What are the names of the 6 head segments in order?

A

Labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial (and eye)

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29
Q

What are the 3 segments in the thorax called?

A

Prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax

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30
Q

When is segmentation clearest?

A

During development

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31
Q

What are the segment polarity genes present in the brain/ rest of body that we use to determine where one segment of the brain starts and the other finishes?

A

. Engrailed

. Ventral nervous system defective

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32
Q

How many divisions of the brain are there?

A

4

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33
Q

How do we know where the segments are in the brain?

A

Because the borders are marked by segment polarity genes

D/V patterning genes

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34
Q

What does apterygo mean?

A

No wings

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35
Q

What does terygo mean?

A

Wings

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36
Q

Describe apterygota features and give an example of one species

A 
Have no wings
Not ‘true’ insects 
Earliest fossil insects 
300m years ago
Most primitive 
Silverfish
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37
Q

Give the features of exopterygota

A

True insects
Externally developing wings
Young often resemble adults

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38
Q

What is pterygota? Which are the 2 groups?

A

Origin of wings

Split into 1. Mayflies 2. Odonata (dragonflies)

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39
Q

What are the features of the group endopterygota?

A

Develop wings internally
Have complete metamorphoses
Most advanced insects
Most recently evolved

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40
Q

Give examples of species in the group endopterygota

A

Wasps, bees, flies and butterflies

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41
Q

What are the advantages of external covering?

A

. Enhanced leverage for muscular movements
. Protective covering of muscles and internal organs
. Restriction of moisture loss in terrestrial habitats (deserts)
. Ability to produce both rigid jointed appendages for walking, jumping or capturing prey and membranous, foldable sheets for flying, lenses fit compound eyes
. Covering for compound eyes

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42
Q

What are the disadvantages of external covering?

A

. Vulnerability during the moulting process
. Restrictions in terms of large size and weight mainly due to the inability of oxygen to each metabolically active tissues in very large insects
(Cuticle restricts oxygen diffusion so needs trachea)
(Have to moult to grow)

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43
Q

How does the heart pump blood in insects?

A

Back and forth

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44
Q

What are the 4 (5) layers of the cuticle in insects?

A

Wax layer, epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle and epidermis

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45
Q

What does the wax layer on the cuticle do?

A

Waterproofs- secreted by epidermal cells

46
Q

What does the epicuticle lack?

A

Chitin

47
Q

Describe the exocuticle layer in the cuticle

A

Sclerotized chitin stuff, 10-15% water

48
Q

Describe the endocuticle layer of the cuticle

A

Unsclerotized chitin layer (means it’s not hard), 50% water

49
Q

What is the bulk of the cuticle made up of?

A

Chitin microfibrils

50
Q

What is the structure of chitin made from?

A

Chain of poly-glucosamine

51
Q

Which layers of the cuticle are sclerotized (tanned)? What happens in this process?

A

The exocuticle- hardens after moulting and darkens in colour (harder=darker)

52
Q

Sclerotized chitin is insoluble and rigid which helps during tanning. What gives it these features?

A

. Chitin is linked to a protein matrix giving tensile strength
. Particular amino acid residues of the protein matrix are cross-linked by phenolic bridges, linking is achieved by quinine tanning leading to dark brown cuticular colouration

53
Q

Softer cuticle is not sclerotized which allows for what?

A

Expansion of the insect

54
Q

How is the cuticle formed?

A

Chitin fibres rap around each other to make them stronger
Then laid in a sheet
Each sheet is offset a little from the other. Each is turned a little relative to the other- making them very tough
Makes a helical structure

55
Q

Would do cuticular protuberances do?

A

Give info about stress to the insect

56
Q

What is the developmental (or growth) in insects that have immature stages called largae, have a pupal stage called?

A

Holometabolous endopterygote

57
Q

Explain holometabolous endopterygote

A

Developmental or growth in insects where they have immature stags called larvae, have a pupal stage

58
Q

Give example of insects that shown holometabolous endopterygote development

A

Butterflies and flies

59
Q

What is the developmental or growth stage in insects where there is an immature stage called nymphs called?

A

Hemimetabolous extopterygote

60
Q

Explain hemimetabolous extopterygote development in insects, in which species is it shown?

A

Immature stage called nymphs. Locusts and cockroaches

61
Q

What is the type of developmental or growth called in insects when they undergo gradual or no metamorphosis?

A

Ametabolous apterygote

62
Q

Explain ametabolous apterygote development in insects. Give an example of a species that shows this type of development

A

Undergoing gradual or no metamorphosis. Silverfish

63
Q

What is metamorphosis controlled by?

A

Interaction between neuropeptidss, ecdysteriods and especially juvenile hormone titres in the insect

64
Q

How is metamorphosis controlled?

A

The balance in juvenile hormone titres (JH) secretion from the brain can change developmental patterns from hemimetabolous to holometabolous depending on when JH secretion is stopped in the life cycle

65
Q

What is the detaching of the old cuticle from the epidermis called?

A

Apolysis

66
Q

What is the shedding of the old cuticle called?

A

Ecdysis

67
Q

What do ametabolous insects do?

A

Keep moulting until they die (although don’t always keep growing), and in their final mount they become reproductively mature and are termed adults

68
Q

What are some examples of ametabolous development?

A

Collembola, diplurans, and apterygote insects

69
Q

What are the characteristics that define the super class Hexapoda/ class (order) Hymenoptera?

A

Paired wings, eusociality, abdomen waist

70
Q

Describe springtails- also give the superclass and order they belong to

A

. Very abundant in soil
. Eyes are clusters of 8 ocelli
. Biting mouthparts in pockets (so cant we them )
. 6 legs
. not close to insects as they have their own origin
Superclass: Hexapoda
Order:Collembola

71
Q

Describe the features of dragonflies and damselflies and give there order and class

A

. Biting mouthparts, large elongate bodies, huge eyes, minute antennae
. Primitive wing species- one of the first we know if (paleoptera)
. Two pairs of glassy wings with many cross-veins
. Two sub orders; anisoptera (dragonflies) and zygoptera (damselflies)

72
Q

Describe the features of dragonflies and give their order and sub-order

A 
. Forewings narrower than hindwings 
. Wings broad at base 
. Wings held outspread at rest 
. Eyes close, often touching 
. Heavily built 
. Nymphs have rectal gills- inside rectum 
. Often have wide abdomens 
Order: Odonata 
Sub-order: Anisoptera
73
Q

What are the characteristics of damselflies and which order and sub-order do they belong to?

A 
. Fore and hindwings similar 
. Wings are stalked 
. Wings held vertical at rest 
. Eyes separated 
. Slender bodies 
. Nymphs have caudal gills (have stocking out of back end) 
. Heavily used in research 
Order: Odonata 
Sub-order: zygoptera
74
Q

What are the characteristics of earwigs and which class and order do they belong to?

A 
. Elongate and flattened 
. Prognathous (head faces forward with mouth at front of head)
. Antennae short 
. Legs shot
. Leathery forewings
. Cerci modified as forceps 
. Female will look after eggs over winter and see any predators off 
Class: insects 
Order: Dermoptera
75
Q

Give examples of species in the order Orthoptera (class insecta)

A

Grasshoppers
Locusts
Katydids
Crickets

76
Q

What are the 2 sub-groups in the Oder Orthoptera?

A

. Ensifera (katydids wetas and crickets)

. Caelifera (grasshoppers and locusts)

77
Q

Describe the characteristics of heel walkers and what class and order they are in

A 
. Cylindrical bodies 
. Hypognathous 
. Long antennae
. Large eyes 
. Adults lack wings (apterous)
. Small cerci in females, prominent in males 
Class: insecta 
Order: Mantophasmatodea
78
Q

What are the characteristics of Mantids and what class and order do they belong. Go into detail about one example

A 
. Highly adapted bodies 
. Mobile triangular head, large eyes
. Narrow thorax
. Prothoracic legs are raptorial for hunting 
. Leathery slender forewings 
. Often predators 
. Eat males after sex if hungry 
. Preying mantus’s - have sterio vision, hide as leaves and flowers, wait for prey to walk past and then strike. Can extend legs 2.5cm
79
Q

What are the characteristics of Mantids and what class and order do they belong. Go into detail about one example

A 
. Highly adapted bodies 
. Mobile triangular head, large eyes
. Narrow thorax
. Prothoracic legs are raptorial for hunting 
. Leathery slender forewings 
. Often predators 
. Eat males after sex if hungry 
. Preying mantus’s - have sterio vision, hide as leaves and flowers, wait for prey to walk past and then strike. Can extend legs 2.5cm
80
Q

What are the characteristics of cockroaches and which class and order do they belong to?

A 
. Depressed bodies- because they live in condensed areas 
. Long cursorial legs
. Leathery forewings 
. Membranous hindwings 
. Prothorax large, May cover head 
. Omnivorous 
Class: insecta 
Order: Blattodea
81
Q

Give the characteristics of termites and which class and order they belong to

A 
. Soft bodied
. Biting mouthparts 
. Colonial and eusocial 
. Polymorphic- castes (king and queen, soldiers, workers) 
Class: insecta 
Order: Blattodea (Isoptera)
82
Q

Describe the features of the class insecta order Hemiptera (bugs) adults

A

Adults:
. Antennae slender with 4-5 segments
. Proboscis 3-4 segmented, opisthognathous, no palps
. Pronotum usually large, trapezoidal or rounded
. Triangular scutellhm present behind pronotum (back)
. Front wings with basal half leathery and apical half membranous (hemelytra). Wings lie flat on the back at rest, forming an ‘X’
. Tarsi 2- or 3- segmented
. Opisthognathous, with piercing mouthparts l, no palps
. Liquid feeders- sap, blood juice, haemolymph

83
Q

Describe the features of the class insecta order Hemiptera (bugs) juveniles

A

Juveniles/ immatures:

. Structurally similar to adults but lacking wings

84
Q

What are the 5 sub-orders of the class insecta order Hemiptera?

A

. Heteroptera (true bugs)
. Coleorrhncha (moss bugs)
. Cicadamorpha (cicadas l, leafhoppers, spittle bugs)
. Fulgoromorpha (plant hoppers)
. Sternorrhyncha (aphids, jumping plant live, scale insects and whiteflies)

85
Q

Give the class and order of beetle and the characteristics of this group

A

Class: insecta
Order: Coleoptera
. Often sturdy and compact, heavily sclerotised
. Mandibulate chewing mouthparts
. Forewings modified into rigid elytra (hard cases for actual flying wings)
. Larvae with thoracic legs

86
Q

What are the 4 sub-orders of the class insecta order Coleoptera?

A

. Adephaga (green tiger beetle)
. Polyphage >90% of species (ladybirds, dung beetle)
. Archostemata
. Myxophaga

87
Q

What are the characteristics of the class insecta order strepsiptera?

A

. Endoparasites of Hemiptera and Hymenoptera
. Male has large head, bulging eyes, reduced forewings, mobile
. Female has similar appearance to a larva
. Each eye lens has an individual retina-different to others

88
Q

What are the characteristics of true flies? What is the class and order they belong to?

A

. Mesothoracic wings only- hindwings are modified into halteres
. Mouthparts vary from non-functional to sucking to piercing and sucking
. Larvae are apodous (no feet, maggots!
Class insecta
Order Diptera

89
Q

What are the two sub-orders of the order Diptera?

A

. Nematocera (more primitive)

. And Brachycera

90
Q

What are the characteristics of crane flies, mosquitoes gnats and midges? What order and sub-order are they in?

A 
. Many jointed antennae 
. Antennae >6 flagellomeres 
. Modified mouthparts in adults 
. Eucephalous larvae 
. Imported vectors of mammalian disease 
. Abdomen becomes red as it fills up with blood 
Order Diptera 
Sub-order: nematocera
91
Q

What are the 6 infraorders of the order Diptera sub-order Brachycera?

A 
Asilomorpha
Muscomorpha
Stratiomyomorpha
Tabanomorpha 
Vermileonomorpha 
Xylophagomorpha
92
Q

What are the characteristics of the order Diptera sub-order Brachycera?

A 
. Stout bodies 
. 3-segmented antennae (<7 flagellomeres) with terminal bristle (arista) 
. Mandibles can be adapted into blades 
. Often predacious 
. Acephalous larvae
93
Q

Give an example of a species and a characteristic of the sub-order Brachycera infraorder Tabanomorph

A

. Tsetse fly

. Carry infected blood from one animal to another

94
Q

what are the characteristics of fleas and which class and order do they belong to?

A

. Very small 1-2mm long, laterally compresses, apterous
. Ectoparasites
. Piercing and sucking mouthparts with no mandibles
. Apodous larvae with head capsule

95
Q

What are the characteristics of butterflies and moths and which class and order are they in?

A

. Hypognathous, with coiled proboscis
. Multi-segmented antennae
. Distinctive larval stage (caterpillar) with sclerotised bead and abd. Prolegs

96
Q

What are the 4 sub-order did the class insecta order Lepidoptera?

A

. Glossata (98% of order, includes all that have a coilable proboscis)
. Micropterigoidea
. Agathiphagoidea
. Heterobathmiodea

97
Q

What are the super-families in the class insecta order Lepidoptera sub-order glossata

A

. Noctuoidea (owlet moths)
. Sphingidae (hawk moths)
. Geometroidea (geometric moths include swallow tails)
. Papilionoidea (geometric moths include swallow tails)
. Hesperioidea (skipper butterflies)
. Hedyloidea (butterfly moths)

98
Q

What are the characteristics of bees, ants and wasps? Which class and order do they belong to?

A

. Waist formed from last thoracic and first abdominal segment (mesosoma)
. Mouthparts mandibulate to sucking and chewing
. Usually long, multi-segmented antennae
. Simple venation on wings
Class: insecta
Order: Hymenoptera

99
Q

What are the two sub-orders of the class Insecta order Hymenoptera?

A

. Symphysis (wood wasps and sawflies)

. Apocrita (wasps, bees and ants)

100
Q

What is the sub-order Apocrita divided into?

A

Aculeata

Parasitica

101
Q

What are the characteristics of wood wasps and sawflies? What class, order, sub-order do they belong to?

A

. Unwaisted wasps
. Phytophagous larvae with abdomen prolegs
. Saw-like ovipositor

102
Q

What are the characteristics of parasitoid (parasitica) wasps? What class, order, sub-order are they in?

A

Minute in size, slender bodies, distinct waist
. Endo- or ectoderm- parasites of other insects
. Ichneumonids are parasitoids of Lepidoptera
Class: insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Sub-order: apocrita
Parasitica

103
Q

What are the characteristics of bees, ants and stinging wasps (Aculeata) and which class, order and sub-order do they belong to?

A 
. Distinctive waist 
. Social families, but also many non-social families 
Class: Insecta 
Order: Hymenoptera 
Sub-order: apocrita 
Aculeata
104
Q

What are the fore and hind gut lined with. What is the midgut lined with?

A

. Cuticle- protective layer (when moulds will come out because it moulds all its cuticle)
. Thin peritrophic membrane for protection

105
Q

What happens to the guy in insects with a short lifespan?

A

Simplified to a tube

106
Q

What cant insects synthesise that they have to get from their diet or from microorganisms because they cannot synthesis them themselves that are very important?

A

Sterols (for moulting hormone)

Carotenoids (used in visual pigments)

107
Q

What is the purpose of saliva?

A

Lubricates the mouthparts (so they don’t get stuck), and May contain digestive enzymes or anticoagulants

108
Q

Describe the foregut

A

Begins at the mouth, and includes the pharynx, oesophagus, crop (storage organ) and proventriculus a grinding organ in dorm insects which can provide a valve controlling the entry of food into the midgut

109
Q

Describe the midgut in its simplest form

A

The main site of digestion and absorption of my. In its simplest form it is a tube from which bling sacs branch

110
Q

Describe the midgut in a blood sucking insect e.g. Diptera and Hemiptera

A

The blood meal is held in a specialised portion of the midgut where no digestion occurs (“stomach”). Portions of the meal are then passed down through the digestive and absorptive mid and post parts of the midgut, some being completely digested and defecated before some even enters the digestive midgut

Entomology (7 decks)

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