Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Entomology > Fat Body > Flashcards

Fat Body Flashcards

1
Q

What does the fat body consist of?

A

Loose sheets, ribbons or loves of cells lying in the body cavity (haemocoel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are the cells in the fat body in communication?

A

Via gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the fat body?

A

. Energy store/ liberation in the form of glycogen, fat, protein
. Translates nutritional information into systemic growth-promoting signals
. Regulates blood sugar- dietary amino acids activate TORC1 signalling in fat cells and induce the production of rely signals that promote the release of insulin/like peptides by brain insulin producing cells
. Synthesises major haemolymph proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three ways insects can get rid of waste nitrogen and how are they different?

A

. Ammonia- toxic, must be excreted in diluted form or rapidly volatilised
. Urea- less toxic, more soluble-still needs water for elimination
. Uric acids- non-toxic, can be excreted dry and stored used by most terrestrial insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three basic conditions of the hindgut depending on an insects diet and habitat? Give examples of when they are seen

A

. General condition- seen in most insects (locusts)
. Liquid feeder- seen in blood feeders or sap eaters
. Water stress- seen in insects eating dry food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the general condition in which nitrogen is removed from the body?

A

. Malpighian tubules absorb water, solutes and urate/ uric acid (nitrogenous waste) from the haemolymph in the body cavity
. Rectangle then reabsorbs water and solutes from the gut, leaving urate/ uric acid precipitate behind
. Water moves passively though the system attracted by the hypoosmotic solution in the middle of the tubule
(Most insects- locusts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the liquid feeder condition of excretion and osmoregulation. Give examples of animals that have this system

A

. E.g. Assassin bug (Rhodnius), mosquitoes, Tse Tse fly blood meal
. Distal Malpighian tubules absorb water, solutes and uric acid/ urate from haemocoel
. Proximal Malpighian tubules (can increase their rate of clearing water from the haemocoel by 1000 times) then reabsorb water and solutes leaving uric acid
. Tubules are then flushed out and uric acid excreted by the next blood meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the water stress condition of excretion and osmoregulation and give example species

A

. Coleoptera or larval Lepidoptera living in very dry conditions eating grain or flour. Water can be a absorbed from the air via the rectum
. Distal region of the Malpighian tubules (secrete a lot of KCL draws water from the tubules- it is then absorbed in Haemoplymph) are wrapped around rectum
. More efficient water absorption from atmosphere into haemplymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are trachea efficient at delivering oxygen to metabolically active tissues?

A

. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion, and diffusion of oxygen in air is 10,000 times faster than in liquid
. The tracheal system presents a huge surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trachea have spirally arranges cuticular thinking’s designed to keep them open called what?

A

Taenidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cells that control that segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are ganglia bigger in the thorax than abdomen?

A

Because these control the wings, legs (more complicated), so need more neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the central nervous system in insects

A

. Ventral
. A ganglion for each body segment
. Each ganglion can act as a mini brain controlling functions of that segment
. Tiny
. Structures in each ganglion are often paired or bilateral, one on each side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do connectives do?

A

Connect ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe segmental nerves

A

In pairs from each ganglion each nerve carrying signals (from sensory organs (neurons) to muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are trachioles?

A

Branches of trachea in cells. Supply oxygen right to the tissue that need it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can trachiole cells do?

A

Can control water flow by secreting water into the trachioles and slowing respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does holopreustic mean?

A

Breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the open system of gas exchange in aquatic insects

A

Open to the air and get O2 that way:
. Insects protrude their spiracles beyond surface film. Trachea run length of tail and down body and deliver O3 to tissues that need them (e.g. Eristalis and nematoceran fly larvae)
. Insects insert spiralled into air bubbles or carry their own bubbles of air. Makes them very buoyant when they stop swimming (e.g. water beetles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the closed gas exchange system in aquatic insects

A

Diffusion of O2 from water
. Very thin cuticle overlaying fine network (black fly larvae)
. Tracheal fills (zygoptera larvae) - just a fine layer of chitin- then trachea underneath. Some have gill-like structures in their rectum
. Rectal gills (dragonfly larvae)- muscular nature of rectum- jet repulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of carbon dioxide or oxygen diffuses through tissues more readily?

A

CO2

22
Q

What percentage of CO2 is lost through the cuticle and tracheae?

A

25% via cuticle

75% tracheae

23
Q

What happens to the waters ability to hold oxygen as temperature increases?

A

Decreases- less O2 in water

24
Q

What are the units of expression of dissolved oxygen?

A

Ppm- parts per million

25
Q

Give the methods insects control respiration

A

. Secondary respiration centres: stimulates by lack of O2/ accumulation of O2
. Diffusion control (brain): level of fluid in trachioles can be varied, spirackes can be opened or closed
. Ventilation control (thorax): Vary intensity or frequency of movements
. Coordinated by ganglion of each segment

26
Q

The hear is a muscular contractile tube held in place by what? Perforated with vertical skits called what?

A

Alary muscles

Ostia

27
Q

Describe the aorta and where it carries blood

A

Is slender anterior prolongation of the heart

Carries blood to the head

28
Q

The heart rate is automated, wth an intrinsic rhythm. What are these is adult and larva and pupa?

A

. Adult (rest) 40-50 bpm, (active) 110-140bpm
. Larva 80-90bpm
. Pupa 10-12bpm

29
Q

Describe diastole

A

Blood is drawn into the heart through the Ostia under negative pressure (sucked)

30
Q

Describe systole

A

. Blood driven forward in heart cavity, exiting in head

. Direction may reverse for short periods <24% of total

31
Q

What are the flight muscles controlled by?

A

One or two motor neurons

32
Q

Where is the optic lobe?

A

Behind the eye

33
Q

Give the names of the three ganglia (and there purpose) that the brain is made up of

A
  1. Protocerebrum H1- processing signals arriving from the ocelli and compound eyes (via the optic lobes)
  2. Deutocerebrum H3- processing signals arriving from the antennae
  3. Triticerebrum H3- processing signals arriving from head and body
34
Q

Where is the optic lobe?

A

Behind the eye

35
Q

Give the names of the three ganglia (and there purpose) that the brain is made up of

A
  1. Protocerebrum H1- processing signals arriving from the ocelli and compound eyes (via the optic lobes)
  2. Deutocerebrum H3- processing signals arriving from the antennae
  3. Triticerebrum H3- processing signals arriving from head and body
36
Q

What are the 5 main types of sense organs?

A 
. Mechanoreceptors 
. Auditory receptors
. Chemosensors
. Temperature and humidity receptors 
. Photoreceptors
37
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors

A

. Monitor: touch, muscle/ cuticle (outside or inside) tension, balance or stance of an insect
. Usually scattered over body surface
. Rarely have specialised organs (except halteres)
(Can cause locusts to swarm)

38
Q

Describe auditory receptors

A 
. Excited by sound 
. Located in a number of places 
(Antennae-Hemiptera
Cerci- crickets and cockroaches 
First abd. Segment- locusts
Tibia- grasshoppers, wetas)
39
Q

Describe chemoreceptors

A

Smell/olfactory organs: usually on antennae e.g. mosquito

Taste- gustatory organs- usually found on ore-oral good cavity. (Palps; antennae(some Hymenoptera), tarsi(Lepidoptera etc.), or wing edges)
Processed differently from each other in the brain

40
Q

Describe auditory receptors

A 
. Excited by sound 
. Located in a number of places 
(Antennae-Hemiptera
Cerci- crickets and cockroaches 
First abd. Segment- locusts
Tibia- grasshoppers, wetas)
41
Q

Describe chemoreceptors

A

Smell/olfactory organs: usually on antennae e.g. mosquito

Taste- gustatory organs- usually found on ore-oral good cavity. (Palps; antennae(some Hymenoptera), tarsi(Lepidoptera etc.), or wing edges)
Processed differently from each other in the brain

42
Q

Describe auditory receptors

A 
. Excited by sound 
. Located in a number of places 
(Antennae-Hemiptera
Cerci- crickets and cockroaches 
First abd. Segment- locusts
Tibia- grasshoppers, wetas)
43
Q

Where are the taste neurons in drosophila?

A

Taste sensilla on the mouth parts, the tarsal segments of the legs and wing margins

44
Q

What do insects taste?

A

Sugars, bitter substances, salts, pheromone and somatosensory stimulants

45
Q

Describe temperature and humidity receptors

A

. Found on antennae, maxillary palps or tarsi

. Mainly in bloodsucking ectoparasites

46
Q

Describe the two types of photoreceptors

A 
. Ocelli (simple eyes, single ocelli: lens) 
- usually 3, in triangle on head 
- perceive light intensity changes 
- can detect horizon position 
. Compound eyes
47
Q

Describe compound eyes

A

Many units called ommatidia having a lens plus 8 photoreceptors with their light capturing surfaces the rhabdomeres.
See page for examples

48
Q

Describe compound eyes

A

Many units called ommatidia having a lens plus 8 photoreceptors with their light capturing surfaces the rhabdomeres.
See page for examples

49
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses of flight development/ evolution

A

. Wing is a new structure- paranormal hypothesis- wing oriented as an extension of the thoracic tergum, or paranormal lobe
. Is a modified old structure- limb branch hypothesis proposes that the wing emerged by modification of a pre-existing dorsal limb branch (was there in ancestors, just didn’t look like a wing)

50
Q

What preadaptive functions may have selected for an appendage that would become as wing?

A 
Protection for legs
Covers for spiracles 
Thermoregulation 
Sexual display 
Concealment 
Predator avoidance by extending an escape jump
51
Q

What are 2 candidates for wing origin?

A

. Stylus of silverfish

. Tracheal gill of mayfly

Entomology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions