Words For Human Study Or Naturalist

Question 1

Archeological

Answer 1

Fiedwork

Question 2

zoologist

noun [ C ] BIOLOGY

Answer 2

a person who scientifically studies animals

Question 3

evolution

noun [ U ]

Answer 3

the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years:
Darwin’s theory of evolution

B2
a gradual process of change and development:
the evolution of language

Question 4

mammalian

adjective BIOLOGY speci

Answer 4

relating to mammals (= animals whose female feeds her young on milk from her own body):
mammalian evolution
mammalian species
See
mammal

mammal
noun [ C ]
US /ˈmæm.əl/ UK /ˈmæm.əl/

C1
any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs:

Question 5

prey

noun [ U ]

Answer 5

an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal:
A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey.

Question 6

swoop

verb [ I ]

Answer 6

to move very quickly and easily through the air, especially down from a high position in order to attack:
The eagle swooped down to snatch a young rabbit.

informal
to make a sudden attack on a place or group of people in order to surround and catch them:
Undercover police swooped on three houses in the city at 5:00 this morning.

Question 7

nocturnal

adjective

Answer 7

being active or happening at night rather than during the day:
Most bats are nocturnal.
nocturnal wanderings

of the night, or relating to the night:
He spends the nocturnal hours in his observatory.
nocturnal light
Compare
diurnal

Question 8

extinction

noun [ U ]

Answer 8

a situation in which something no longer exists:
The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago.
Many species of plants and animals are in danger of/threatened with extinction (= being destroyed so that they no longer exist).
Some people predict the extinction of family life as we know it today.

Question 9

mate

noun [ C ]

Answer 9

an animal’s sexual partner:

Peacocks use their beautiful tails to attract mates.

Question 10

civilization

noun ( UK usually civilisation)

Answer 10

human society with its well developed social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time:
Some people think that nuclear war would mean the end of civilization.
Cuzco was the center of one of the world’s most famous civilizations, that of the Incas.

C1 [ U ] mainly humorous
a place that has comfortable living conditions:
How does it feel to be back in civilization after all those weeks in a tent?

Question 11

Population explosion

Answer 11

Industrial revolution

Question 12

irrigation

noun [ U ]

Answer 12

the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow:
an irrigation system
Dirty irrigation water can spread animal pathogens to fruits and vegetables.
See
irrigate

Question 13

hydropower

noun [ U ]

Answer 13

hydroelectric power (= the production of electricity by the force of fast moving water)

Question 14

Lack access to clean drinking water

Answer 14

Adequate sanitation services

Question 15

jeopardize

verb [ T ] ( UK usually jeop

Answer 15

to put something such as a plan or system in danger of being harmed or damaged:
She knew that by failing her finals she could jeopardize her whole future.
Synonym
imperil formal
Jeopardizing human health

Question 16

reservoir

noun [ C ]

Answer 16

a place for storing liquid, especially a natural or artificial lake providing water for a city or other area

Question 17

dam

noun [ C ]

Answer 17

a wall built across a river that stops the river’s flow and collects the water, especially to make a reservoir (= an artificial lake) that provides water for an area:
The Aswan High Dam is on the River Nile in Egypt.
Compare
dyke (WALL)

Question 18

aqueduct

noun [ C ]

Answer 18

a structure for carrying water across land, especially one like a high bridge with many arches that carries pipes or a canal across a valley

Question 19

threaten

verb

Answer 19

to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them or cause problems if they do not do what you want:
They threatened the shopkeeper with a gun.
[ + to infinitive ] They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked.

C1 [ T ]
to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone:
Changing patterns of agriculture are threatening the countryside.

C2 [ I ]
If something bad threatens to happen, it is likely to happen:
Look at those clouds! There’s a storm threatening.

Question 20

aquifer

noun [ C ] GEO

Answer 20

Underground stores of water