Words

Question 1

xylem

Answer 1

The vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem. The xylen is a one way system.

Question 2

phloem

Answer 2

The vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, and other metabolic products around the plant. The phloem is a 2-way system.

Question 3

coleoptile

Answer 3

A sheath protecting a young shoot tip in a grass or cereal, monocot.

Question 4

radicle

Answer 4

The part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

Question 5

chloroplasts

Answer 5

A plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Question 6

chlorophyll

Answer 6

A green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, which is responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

Question 7

vacuole

Answer 7

A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

Question 8

ribosome

Answer 8

A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

Question 9

hypocotyl

Answer 9

The part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root. Forms the hook that is often first to emerge above ground.

Question 10

epicotyl

Answer 10

The region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon.

Question 11

gymnosperm

Answer 11

A plant of a group that comprises those that have seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit, including the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo.

Question 12

plastid

Answer 12

Any of a class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

Question 13

phylum

Answer 13

A principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom, equivalent to the division in botany.

Question 14

gametophyte

Answer 14

(in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations) the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.

Question 15

sporophyte

Answer 15

(in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations) the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g. the frond of a fern.

Question 16

Sepal

Answer 16

Each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals and typically green and leaflike.

Question 17

Calyx

Answer 17

The sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud.

Question 18

Corolla

Answer 18

The petals of a flower, typically forming a whorl within the sepals and enclosing the reproductive organs.

Question 19

Corm

Answer 19

A specialised underground stem. A rounded underground storage organ present in plants such as crocuses, gladioli, and cyclamens, consisting of a swollen stem base covered with scale leaves.

Question 20

Petiole

Answer 20

A stalk connecting a leaf to the stem of the plant.

Question 21

Pedicel

Answer 21

The stalk of an individual flower.

Question 22

Peduncle

Answer 22

A stalk that supports a cluster of flowers or fruit.

Question 23

Inflorescence

Answer 23

The complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers.

Question 24

Bract

Answer 24

A modified leaf or scale, typically small, with a flower or flower cluster in its axil. Bracts are sometimes larger and more brightly coloured than the true flower, as in poinsettia

Question 25

Perianth

Answer 25

The outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals). The non-reproductive parts of the flower, that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs.

Question 26

Monoecious

Answer 26

In plants that have unisex flowers, it means having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual plant; hermaphrodite.

Question 27

Dioecious

Answer 27

In plants that have unisex flowers, it means some plants have exclusively male sexual organs, and others exclusively female sexual organs.

Question 28

Capitulum

Answer 28

A compact head of a structure, in particular a dense flat cluster of small flowers or florets, as in plants of the daisy family. E.g. Helianthus (sunflowers).

Question 29

Corymb

Answer 29

A flower cluster whose lower stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head. For example Crataegus monogyna (common hawthorn)

Question 30

Cyme

Answer 30

A flower cluster with a central stem bearing a single terminal flower that develops first, the other flowers in the cluster developing as terminal buds of lateral stems.

Question 31

Panicle

Answer 31

A loose branching cluster of flowers, as in oats or Gypsophila.

Question 32

Raceme

Answer 32

A flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem. The flowers at the base of the central stem develop first. For example Digitalis.

Question 33

Spadix

Answer 33

A spike of minute flowers closely arranged round a fleshy axis and typically enclosed in a spathe, characteristic of the arums.

Question 34

Spike

Answer 34

A type of inflorescence (flower arrangement) that bears taller-than-average flowers, most usually on an axis that is unbranched. Similar to a raceme, the spike bears flowers that are directly attached to the plant, without any stalks whatsoever.

Question 35

Umbel

Answer 35

A flower cluster in which stalks of nearly equal length spring from a common centre and form a flat or curved surface, characteristic of the parsley family. For example Angelica archangelica

Question 36

Nectary

Answer 36

A nectar-secreting glandular organ in a flower (floral) or on a leaf or stem (extrafloral).

Question 37

Stoloniferous

Answer 37

Producing or bearing stolons.

Question 38

carpel

Answer 38

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style. It may occur singly or as one of a group.

Question 39

indehiscent

Answer 39

(of a pod or fruit) not splitting open to release the seeds when ripe.

Question 40

dehiscent

Answer 40

Dehiscence is the splitting along a built-in line of weakness in a plant structure in order to release its contents, and is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent.

Question 41

endosperm

Answer 41

The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It is triploid (3 chromosomes in the cells) in most species. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.

Question 42

plumule

Answer 42

the rudimentary shoot or stem of an embryo plant.

Question 43

micropyle

Answer 43

A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.

Question 44

hilum

Answer 44

The scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel.

Question 45

arils

Answer 45

An aril, also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed.

Question 46

elaiosomes

Answer 46

Elaiosomes are fleshy structures that are attached to the seeds of many plant species. Theelaiosome is rich in lipids and proteins, and may be variously shaped.

Question 47

fruit

Answer 47

In botany, a strict term used to define the structure that matures from a flower upon fertilisation of its ovary. A fruit contains a seeds enclosed by a pericarp, a fleshy or hard coating that servers to protect the seed and aid its disperal.

Question 48

transpiration

Answer 48

The process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.

Question 49

turgid

Answer 49

Swollen and distended or congested. A turgid plant cell is a plant cell that has been filled with water as a result of osmosis. The cell wall is strenghted with cellulose.

The presure of turgor keeps a plant upright. When a plant dehydrates the turgor pressure is reduced and the plant wilts.

Question 50

meiosis

Answer 50

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Question 51

stomata

Answer 51

A pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.

Question 52

totipotency

Answer 52

The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.

Question 53

meristem

Answer 53

The tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of a plant and are responsible for growth.

Question 54

stigma

Answer 54

Part of the female reproductive system of a flower, the pistil. Part of a flower that gets pollen from pollinators such as bees.

The stigma is on top of the style. The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen. When the pollen lands on the stigma, the pollen will grow a pollen tube down the style, and into the ovary of the pistil.

Question 55

apomixis

Answer 55

Asexual reproduction in plants, in particular agamospermy.