Words

Question 1

Functions and meanings of words in texts

Answer 1

• reference function
• deictic function (words relating to a word or phrase whose meaning depends on who is talking)
• time reference
• conjunction
• lexical & grammatical meaning

Question 2

Morpheme

Answer 2

the smallest meaningful constituent of a language

Question 3

Types of morohemes

Answer 3

• free morphemes - can stand alone as a word
  e.g. woman in womanly, weak in weakness
• bound morphemes - cannot stand alone with meaning
  e.g. affixes: un- in unhealthy, -ness in weakness

Question 4

Word formation process

Answer 4

1. affixation
2. compounding (sunshine, drycleaning)
3. conversion (verb (noun) => to verb smth (verb) - превращать слова в глаголы)
4. abbreviation (ad (advertisement), app (application)
5. blends: (blog = web + log, smog = smoke + fog)
6. acronyms - initials said as words (NATO, radar (radio detection and ranging))
7. initialism - said as letters: (SMS - shost messaging system, FAQ, lol, …)

Question 5

Semantic field

Answer 5

= subject domain (e.g. birds, medicine, economy)
Texts are not in a vacuum but in context, like a recipe in the context of a cookery book.
- language can function as a badge of group membership
- may show who the text is aimed at (at professional athletes for example)

Question 6

Word family

Answer 6

• words that have the same “root” (aka headword, lexeme)
• can consist of a headword, its morphological inflections, and its closely related derivations