wording Flashcards
Constitutional Isomers (Structural)
have the same molecular formula but their atoms are arranged in a different order. (they differ in the arrangement of atoms)
Cis-Trans Isomers
have the same order of attachment of atoms but the arrangement of atoms in space is different.
A polymer is
a large molecule made up of many small repeating units (called monomers)
Polymerization is
the reaction in which the monomers join together to form the large molecule (addition polymerization)
Haloalkanes reaction with KMNO4-/H+ (aq)
insoluble in aq and will form two layers
Carboxylic acid reaction with (aq)
soluble and will dissolve, one layer
Substitution reaction
is occurring as one atom group is substituted for another atom/group
Asymmetrical Alcohol
two products can be formed depending upon which neighboring carbon atom the H atom is eliminated from.
Major Product (reverse marnikovs)
forms when the OH group is eliminated along with one H atom from the neighboring carbon with the least amount of H atoms attached.
The double bonds in each
(addition polymerasiation)
… unit is broken leaving a single c-c bond and enabling two new single c-c bonds to form between monomer units therefore constructing many monomers into long repeating polymer chains
Saturated Molecule
containing only single c-c bonds are less reactive compared to the unsaturated double c=c bonds.
Geometric Isomers must contain
a c=c double bond to prevent rotation of the attached atoms around the bond, fixing the atoms position in space. This lack of free rotation about the double bond means there will be two different arrangements for groups around the double bond. It must also have two different atoms/groups attached to each carbon involved in the double bond.
Ethyne is
slighty soluble
An addition reaction is
one where the double or triple bond breaks and other atoms are introduced into the organic molecule. The molecule becomes more saturated.
Alkenes are gases
at room temp
For Elimination Reaction involving unsymmetrical haloalkane molecules
(major product)
the major product is the one where the hydrogen atom lost is removed from the carbon atom of the double bond containing the fewer hydrogen atoms.
Elimination Reaction
is one where two atoms or groups are removed from adjacent carbon atoms. This introduces a double bond into the organic molecule thus reducing the degree of saturation of the molecule.
Alcohol Properties
(polar, why solubility why)
Polar due to the OH group. Butanol and below is soluble in water. As the length of the carbon chain increases, the non polar part of the molecule becomes larger and large and large alcohol molecules are insoluble in water and non polar
Boiling and Melting points of Alcohols
increase as the size of the molecule increases as the force of attraction gets stronger. Attraction between molecules increases due to the polarity of the alcohol groups.
Primary Alcohol added to Cr2072-/H+ (Mn04-/H+)
it will form a carboxylic acid and the orange solution will turn green as Cr2072- ions are reduced to Cr3+ ions.
Purple to colorless MnO4-/H+ to colorless MN2+
Carboxylic acids properties
(polarity, solubility)
Colorless liquids or white solids
Polar due to the COOH- group, the oxygen molecule is highly electronegative. Small carboxylic acids are soluble but as the length of the nonpolar carbon chain increases the polarity decreases and they become insoluble.
Boiling/Melting Points of Carboxylic acids
increases as the carboxylic molecule increases due to the stronger attractive forces.
Carboxylic acids are weak so
will partially ionise in water
Conductivity of Carboxylic acids
good due to the presence of ions free to move
Salts of Carboxylic acids are named by
changing the ending from oic to oate
Amine Properties
(Red litmus, conductivity)
turns red litmus blue
conducts electricity- ions free to move
Amine Boiling/Melting Point
Higher melting and boiling points than alkanes as the NH2 group is polar due to the electronegative N atom.
Amine Room Temp
gases, propanamine- liquid, large molar mass amines are solids
Amine Solubility
Lower mass amines are soluble in water, solubility decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases
Addition Polymerization occurs when
a large number of small alkene molecules are joined together to form a single molecule known as a polymer. The reaction occurs when the double bond in each monomer is broken and replaced by a new bond to a carbon atom in an adjacent molecule linking monomers together in a long chain.
Salts of Amines are named by
adding yl to the prefix and adding ammonium
Ethanamine salt is ethlyammonium
