word production

Question 1

Stages to word production

Answer 1

Conceptualisation
Preverbal
Deciding contents of what we intend to say
Formulation:
Selecting individual words
Ordering these words
Execution
Turning words into sound/writing
Involves motor planning

Question 2

Lemma model

Answer 2

Lemma model: stages that we go through when we produce a word: „name this picture“

1. Conceptual level: recognize it as a sheep: semantic info like wool, animal etc.
2. Lemma level: abstract representation of word „sheep“: grammatical information: the thing that is the sheep but we don’t know how to pronounce it. Select lemma.
3. Sound level (hands, writing etc): can access information about different phonemes that you have to pronounce to say sheep.

Question 3

Speech errors

Answer 3

„How Obama bin laden was killed“—> freudian slip
1. Fay and Culter:
Asked people to keep diary of speech errors
Fingers —> toes
Husband —> wife
Distinction between whole words or form-based subsitutions (equivalent— equivocal) (historical — hysterical)

2. Garrett: when we exchange elements in a sentence
   Distinction between word and sound exchanges
   Melina sliced the knife with a salami
   Word exchanges:
   Tend to be same grammatical category (nouns with nouns)
   A hole full of floors
3. Sound exchanges (spoonerisms)
   Brake fluid to Blake fruid
   Tend to be in words right next to each other

Question 4

Tip of the tongue data

Answer 4

1. Vigliocco:
   Italian speakers (every noun is marked as male or female)
   Important for language production:
   Force people into TOT state: present ppl with definitions of words and they have to tell you what the word is. 8% of trials
   If they reported they were in TOT: can you think of grammatical gender, number of syllables, other related word
   Ppts in TOT state were able to report grammatical gender. At some point they could access syntactic information but not phonological information
2. Anomia studies: Badecker
   Dante: Brain infection, coma for over a month, caused brain damage
   Most of the time (61%) in TOT state. But can identify gender.
   Something wrong between Lemma level and Sound level???

Question 5

Picture word interference task

Answer 5

Task is to name picture on each trial:
Distractors are presented (spoken or written words)
Then word productions can be
Semantically related: Sheep
Phonologically related: Goal
Unrelated: Car
Timing of distractors matter:
Slightly before picture you hear sheep (then see goat)
Semantic interference effect: slows you down in identifying goat
Slightly after you see picture
Actually speeds up your saying of goat when phonological

Schriefers:
Stage where we know the meaning of word but haven’t retrieved info on how to pronounce it
Stages where we access word for information.

Question 6

Pros and cons

Answer 6

Pros: 
generally well regarded
Built on solid evidence
Well-defined
Cons:
modularity (speech errors)
Mixed errors appear at a higher rate than you’d expect
Is lemma level necessary at all? 

Caramazza: TOT studies
Could produce gender and some phonological information
But not correlation between the two
Backed up by neuropsychological evidence: FS: could report sound but not syntax,
SJD could say very but not write them (nouns were fine)

Question 7

Dells interactive model

Answer 7

Processing occurs in parallel
Acitivation can feed back through the model
Good on speech errors but not as specific on how speech production works.