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Phys III Exam 4 > Word Phrase sheet > Flashcards

Word Phrase sheet Flashcards

1
Q

transport maximum

A

limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion

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2
Q

what is the glucose transport maximum?

A

when all nephrons have reached their max capacity to reabsorb glucose

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3
Q

sodium is ____transported and doesn’t demonstrate what?

A

actively, transport maximum

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4
Q

is it possible for a solute to not have a transport maximum?

A

yes

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5
Q

what is gradient-time transport?

A

solutes that are passively absorbed and depend on the electrochemical gradient, the permeability of membrane to the substance and the time the fluid containing the substance remains in the tubule

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6
Q

explain the gradient time transport for sodium.

A

the greater the concentration of sodium in the proximal tubule, the greater the reabsorption rate

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7
Q

what happens when the flow rate for sodium is slow?

A

the slower the flow rate of tubular fluid, the greater the amount of sodium that can be reabsorbed

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8
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration sodium that causes osmosis of water between highly permeability cells in the proximal tubule

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9
Q

when water goes through osmosis, what does it cause?

A

a solvent drag

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10
Q

what is solvent drag?

A

movement of water carries solutes with it

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11
Q

when can water go through a membrane?

A

only if the tubular membrane is permeable to water

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12
Q

What does raising peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure cause?

A

an increase in arterial pressure and a decrease in reabsorption rate

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13
Q

What is a lower peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure caused by?

A

an increase in resistance of either afferent or efferent arterioles and increases reabsorption rate

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14
Q

What happens when there is an increase in resistance at the efferent arteriole?

A

increases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreases peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increases water permeability in the distal tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct

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16
Q

Osmoreceptor cells fire and stimulate what?

A

posterior pituitary to release ADH

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17
Q

When sodium increases ____Eq/L above normal, what happens?

A

2, there is a desire to ingest fluid

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18
Q

When there is a desire to ingest fluid, what is that called?

A

threshold for drinking

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19
Q

What is the equation for GFR?

A

renal plasma flow x filtration fraction

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20
Q

What is typical GFR?

A

110mL/m

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21
Q

GFR is increased by what?

A

altering renal plasma flow or filtration fraction

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22
Q

How do you alter renal plasma flow?

A

increase CO, dilate afferent arterioles in kidney

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23
Q

How do you alter filtration fraction?

A

contract eferent arteriole, increase glomerular pressure

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24
Q

GFR is determined by what forces?

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membrane and capillary filtration coefficient

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25
Q

Which pressures favor filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries and colloid osmotic pressure of proteins in Bowman’s capsule

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26
Q

Which pressures inhibit filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure inside Bowman’s capsule and colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary proteins

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27
Q

What is the equation for net filtration pressure?

A

+hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries
-hydrostatic pressure inside bowman’s capsule
-colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary proteins
+colloid osmotic pressure of proteins in Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

Kf stands for what?

A

capillary filtration coefficient

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29
Q

how is capillary filtration coefficient related to GFR?

A

proportionally related, so if Kf is decreased, then GFR is decreased

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30
Q

How is the bowman’s capsule related to GFR?

A

inversely related, so if bowman’s is decreased, then GFR is increased

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31
Q

How is glomerular colloid osmotic pressure related to GFR?

A

inversely related, so if glomerular colloid osmotic pressure is decreased, GFR is increased

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32
Q

How is glomerular hydrostatic pressure related to GFR?

A

proportionally related, so if glomerular hydrostatic pressure is decreased, GFR is decreased

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33
Q

How is arterial pressure related to GFR?

A

proportionally related, so if arterial pressure is increased, then GFR is increased

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34
Q

how is constricting the afferent arterioles related to GFR?

A

if you constrict afferent arterioles, you decrease GFR

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35
Q

How is glomerular capillary membrane different from other capillaries in the body?

A

it has 3 layers, endothelium, basement membrane, epithelial cell layer

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36
Q

What is the epithelial cell layer made of?

A

podocytes

37
Q

Glomerular capillary membrane filters how much more water than regular capillaries?

A

several hundreds of times more water

38
Q

define filtration fraction.

A

proportion of fluid reaching the kidneys, which passes into renal tubules

39
Q

how do you alter filtration fraction?

A

contract efferent arterioles to increase glomerular pressure

40
Q

what does glomerular filtrate contain?

A

proteins, glucose, creatine, urea, uric acid, ions

41
Q

How does the body manage pressure in the kidney?

A

control of smooth muscle of afferent and efferent arterioles

42
Q

What does contraction of efferent arterioles do?

A

slightly increases GFR

43
Q

renal vascular resistance occurs in what vessels?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles and interlobular arteries

44
Q

where is SGLT 2 located?

A

early part of proximal tubule

45
Q

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

sodium and water

46
Q

where is SGLT 1 located?

A

later part of the proximal tubule

47
Q

Where is the greater concentration of sodium?

A

in the proximal tubule

48
Q

the second half of the proximal tubule contains a lot of what and a little of what?

A

lot of chloride and a little glucose and amino acids

49
Q

What does angiotensin II do to the peritubular capillary?

A

reduces pressure to increase reabsorption of sodium in proximal tubule

50
Q

______inhibits reabsorption in proximal tubule

A

parathyroid hormone

51
Q

What is damaged in nephrotic syndrome?

A

glomerular capillaries of kidney

52
Q

What is the primary symptom of nephrotic syndrome?

A

protein in urine

53
Q

in adults, what can the glomerulus be damaged by?

A

diabetes, lupus, multiple myeloma

54
Q

How is nephritic syndrome different than nephrotic syndrome?

A

cells can pass through the glomerular membrane

55
Q

What is nephritic syndrome caused by?

A

abnormal immune response or infection

56
Q

What is chronic kidney disease?

A

continual damage or loss of function in the kidneys

57
Q

What are the steps in kidney disease?

A 
long term injury
persistance
loss
adaptation
step 1 + adaptation injury
58
Q

What is the kidney damage cycle?

A

loss of nephrons
cardiovascular changes
increased demand on remaining nephrons
damage to remaining nephrons

59
Q

What does the principle cells make up?

A

later distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule

60
Q

What do the principle cells do?

A

helps with sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

61
Q

_____helps regulate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in principle cells of cortical collecting tubule

A

aldosterone

62
Q

what is urine flow?

A

nephrons–>collecting duct–>renal calyces–>ureters–>bladder

63
Q

Where does urine cause peritaltic contractions?

A

when the urine goes into collecting duct to renal calyces

64
Q

parasympathetics cause _____contraction and sympathetics ______contraction of ureters

A

increase, decrease

65
Q

pressure naturesis

A

sodium excretion in urine

66
Q

pressure diuresis

A

water excretion to regulate BP

67
Q

auto-regulatory mechanisms

A

cause small changes in excretion

68
Q

when there is an increase in arterial pressure, there is a subsequent increase in what?

A

water and sodium excretion

69
Q

what is the first line of defense when pH is not normal?

A

acid-base buffering system

70
Q

describe the acid-base buffering system

A

doesn’t eliminate H+, but holds them until they can be disposed of

71
Q

what is the second line of defense when pH is not normal?

A

respiratory center

72
Q

describe respiratory center?

A

reacts in minutes, increase in ventilation eliminates extra CO2, reduces H+

73
Q

what is the third line of defense when pH is not normal?

A

kidneys

74
Q

describe kidneys pH regulation?

A

works hours to days of acid base imbalance, most powerful regulator

75
Q

describe renal correction of alkalosis.

A

increase in ratio of HCO3 to H+ in the renal tubules
excess HCO3 cannot be absrobed because of the levels of H+ secreted into tubules
causes alkaline urine

76
Q

describe blood flow in

A 
renal A
interlobular A
arcuate A
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
77
Q

Describe blood flow out

A 
peritubular capillaries
interlobular a
arcuate v
interlobular v
renal v
78
Q

what are the two capillary beds that the kidney has?

A

glomerular and peritubular

79
Q

what does the glomerular capillaries do?

A

high hydrostatic pressure that causes rapid fluid filtration

80
Q

what does the peritubular capillaries do?

A

low hydrostatic pressure that allows for rapid fluid reabsorption

81
Q

when there is an increase in hydrogen ion concentrations, what happens

A

decreased potassium secretion, acidosis

82
Q

all enzyme systems and body systems are altered by what?

A

the concentration of H

83
Q

what prevents changes in {H+}?

A

acid base buffering system, respiratory center, kidneys

84
Q

What happens when the negative charge is compromised?

A

the basement membrane loses its electrical charge and albumin will appear in the urine, causing a frothy appearance

85
Q

a frothy appearance in the urine appears when?

A

before there are noticable changes (minimal change nephropathy)

86
Q

When there is alkalosis (decrease {H+})_____?

A

there is an increase in reabsorption

87
Q

When there is acidosis (increase {H+})_____?

A

there is a decrease in reabsorption

88
Q

when you stimulate calcium excretion____?

A

increase in concentration of H

89
Q

when you inhibit calcium excretion____?

A

decrease in concentration of H

Phys III Exam 4 (4 decks)

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