Word Phrase sheet

Question 1

transport maximum

Answer 1

limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion

Question 2

what is the glucose transport maximum?

Answer 2

when all nephrons have reached their max capacity to reabsorb glucose

Question 3

sodium is ____transported and doesn’t demonstrate what?

Answer 3

actively, transport maximum

Question 4

is it possible for a solute to not have a transport maximum?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

what is gradient-time transport?

Answer 5

solutes that are passively absorbed and depend on the electrochemical gradient, the permeability of membrane to the substance and the time the fluid containing the substance remains in the tubule

Question 6

explain the gradient time transport for sodium.

Answer 6

the greater the concentration of sodium in the proximal tubule, the greater the reabsorption rate

Question 7

what happens when the flow rate for sodium is slow?

Answer 7

the slower the flow rate of tubular fluid, the greater the amount of sodium that can be reabsorbed

Question 8

what is osmosis?

Answer 8

diffusion from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration sodium that causes osmosis of water between highly permeability cells in the proximal tubule

Question 9

when water goes through osmosis, what does it cause?

Answer 9

a solvent drag

Question 10

what is solvent drag?

Answer 10

movement of water carries solutes with it

Question 11

when can water go through a membrane?

Answer 11

only if the tubular membrane is permeable to water

Question 12

What does raising peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure cause?

Answer 12

an increase in arterial pressure and a decrease in reabsorption rate

Question 13

What is a lower peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure caused by?

Answer 13

an increase in resistance of either afferent or efferent arterioles and increases reabsorption rate

Question 14

What happens when there is an increase in resistance at the efferent arteriole?

Answer 14

increases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreases peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

What does ADH do?

Answer 15

increases water permeability in the distal tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct

Question 16

Osmoreceptor cells fire and stimulate what?

Answer 16

posterior pituitary to release ADH

Question 17

When sodium increases ____Eq/L above normal, what happens?

Answer 17

2, there is a desire to ingest fluid

Question 18

When there is a desire to ingest fluid, what is that called?

Answer 18

threshold for drinking

Question 19

What is the equation for GFR?

Answer 19

renal plasma flow x filtration fraction

Question 20

What is typical GFR?

Answer 20

110mL/m

Question 21

GFR is increased by what?

Answer 21

altering renal plasma flow or filtration fraction

Question 22

How do you alter renal plasma flow?

Answer 22

increase CO, dilate afferent arterioles in kidney

Question 23

How do you alter filtration fraction?

Answer 23

contract eferent arteriole, increase glomerular pressure

Question 24

GFR is determined by what forces?

Answer 24

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membrane and capillary filtration coefficient

Question 25

Which pressures favor filtration?

Answer 25

hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries and colloid osmotic pressure of proteins in Bowman's capsule

Question 26

Which pressures inhibit filtration?

Answer 26

hydrostatic pressure inside Bowman's capsule and colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary proteins

Question 27

What is the equation for net filtration pressure?

Answer 27

+hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries -hydrostatic pressure inside bowman's capsule -colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary proteins +colloid osmotic pressure of proteins in Bowman's capsule

Question 28

Kf stands for what?

Answer 28

capillary filtration coefficient

Question 29

how is capillary filtration coefficient related to GFR?

Answer 29

proportionally related, so if Kf is decreased, then GFR is decreased

Question 30

How is the bowman's capsule related to GFR?

Answer 30

inversely related, so if bowman's is decreased, then GFR is increased

Question 31

How is glomerular colloid osmotic pressure related to GFR?

Answer 31

inversely related, so if glomerular colloid osmotic pressure is decreased, GFR is increased

Question 32

How is glomerular hydrostatic pressure related to GFR?

Answer 32

proportionally related, so if glomerular hydrostatic pressure is decreased, GFR is decreased

Question 33

How is arterial pressure related to GFR?

Answer 33

proportionally related, so if arterial pressure is increased, then GFR is increased

Question 34

how is constricting the afferent arterioles related to GFR?

Answer 34

if you constrict afferent arterioles, you decrease GFR

Question 35

How is glomerular capillary membrane different from other capillaries in the body?

Answer 35

it has 3 layers, endothelium, basement membrane, epithelial cell layer

Question 36

What is the epithelial cell layer made of?

Answer 36

podocytes

Question 37

Glomerular capillary membrane filters how much more water than regular capillaries?

Answer 37

several hundreds of times more water

Question 38

define filtration fraction.

Answer 38

proportion of fluid reaching the kidneys, which passes into renal tubules

Question 39

how do you alter filtration fraction?

Answer 39

contract efferent arterioles to increase glomerular pressure

Question 40

what does glomerular filtrate contain?

Answer 40

proteins, glucose, creatine, urea, uric acid, ions

Question 41

How does the body manage pressure in the kidney?

Answer 41

control of smooth muscle of afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 42

What does contraction of efferent arterioles do?

Answer 42

slightly increases GFR

Question 43

renal vascular resistance occurs in what vessels?

Answer 43

afferent and efferent arterioles and interlobular arteries

Question 44

where is SGLT 2 located?

Answer 44

early part of proximal tubule

Question 45

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Answer 45

sodium and water

Question 46

where is SGLT 1 located?

Answer 46

later part of the proximal tubule

Question 47

Where is the greater concentration of sodium?

Answer 47

in the proximal tubule

Question 48

the second half of the proximal tubule contains a lot of what and a little of what?

Answer 48

lot of chloride and a little glucose and amino acids

Question 49

What does angiotensin II do to the peritubular capillary?

Answer 49

reduces pressure to increase reabsorption of sodium in proximal tubule

Question 50

______inhibits reabsorption in proximal tubule

Answer 50

parathyroid hormone

Question 51

What is damaged in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 51

glomerular capillaries of kidney

Question 52

What is the primary symptom of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 52

protein in urine

Question 53

in adults, what can the glomerulus be damaged by?

Answer 53

diabetes, lupus, multiple myeloma

Question 54

How is nephritic syndrome different than nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 54

cells can pass through the glomerular membrane

Question 55

What is nephritic syndrome caused by?

Answer 55

abnormal immune response or infection

Question 56

What is chronic kidney disease?

Answer 56

continual damage or loss of function in the kidneys

Question 57

What are the steps in kidney disease?

Answer 57

``` long term injury persistance loss adaptation step 1 + adaptation injury ```

Question 58

What is the kidney damage cycle?

Answer 58

loss of nephrons cardiovascular changes increased demand on remaining nephrons damage to remaining nephrons

Question 59

What does the principle cells make up?

Answer 59

later distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule

Question 60

What do the principle cells do?

Answer 60

helps with sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Question 61

_____helps regulate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in principle cells of cortical collecting tubule

Answer 61

aldosterone

Question 62

what is urine flow?

Answer 62

nephrons-->collecting duct-->renal calyces-->ureters-->bladder

Question 63

Where does urine cause peritaltic contractions?

Answer 63

when the urine goes into collecting duct to renal calyces

Question 64

parasympathetics cause _____contraction and sympathetics ______contraction of ureters

Answer 64

increase, decrease

Question 65

pressure naturesis

Answer 65

sodium excretion in urine

Question 66

pressure diuresis

Answer 66

water excretion to regulate BP

Question 67

auto-regulatory mechanisms

Answer 67

cause small changes in excretion

Question 68

when there is an increase in arterial pressure, there is a subsequent increase in what?

Answer 68

water and sodium excretion

Question 69

what is the first line of defense when pH is not normal?

Answer 69

acid-base buffering system

Question 70

describe the acid-base buffering system

Answer 70

doesn't eliminate H+, but holds them until they can be disposed of

Question 71

what is the second line of defense when pH is not normal?

Answer 71

respiratory center

Question 72

describe respiratory center?

Answer 72

reacts in minutes, increase in ventilation eliminates extra CO2, reduces H+

Question 73

what is the third line of defense when pH is not normal?

Answer 73

kidneys

Question 74

describe kidneys pH regulation?

Answer 74

works hours to days of acid base imbalance, most powerful regulator

Question 75

describe renal correction of alkalosis.

Answer 75

increase in ratio of HCO3 to H+ in the renal tubules excess HCO3 cannot be absrobed because of the levels of H+ secreted into tubules causes alkaline urine

Question 76

describe blood flow in

Answer 76

``` renal A interlobular A arcuate A afferent arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries ```

Question 77

Describe blood flow out

Answer 77

``` peritubular capillaries interlobular a arcuate v interlobular v renal v ```

Question 78

what are the two capillary beds that the kidney has?

Answer 78

glomerular and peritubular

Question 79

what does the glomerular capillaries do?

Answer 79

high hydrostatic pressure that causes rapid fluid filtration

Question 80

what does the peritubular capillaries do?

Answer 80

low hydrostatic pressure that allows for rapid fluid reabsorption

Question 81

when there is an increase in hydrogen ion concentrations, what happens

Answer 81

decreased potassium secretion, acidosis

Question 82

all enzyme systems and body systems are altered by what?

Answer 82

the concentration of H

Question 83

what prevents changes in {H+}?

Answer 83

acid base buffering system, respiratory center, kidneys

Question 84

What happens when the negative charge is compromised?

Answer 84

the basement membrane loses its electrical charge and albumin will appear in the urine, causing a frothy appearance

Question 85

a frothy appearance in the urine appears when?

Answer 85

before there are noticable changes (minimal change nephropathy)

Question 86

When there is alkalosis (decrease {H+})_____?

Answer 86

there is an increase in reabsorption

Question 87

When there is acidosis (increase {H+})_____?

Answer 87

there is a decrease in reabsorption

Question 88

when you stimulate calcium excretion____?

Answer 88

increase in concentration of H

Question 89

when you inhibit calcium excretion____?

Answer 89

decrease in concentration of H