Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys III Exam 4 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

maintaining a constant volume and composition of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the typical daily fluid intake?

A

2300mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we get fluid intake?

A 
ingestion of food and fluid (2100mL)
carbodydrate oxidation (200mL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do we lose water?

A

insensible water loss (breathing, skin) (600-800mL/day)
sweating (100mL/day)
water lost in feces (100mL/day)
water excreted via kidneys (1400mL/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is water excreted via kidneys so variable?

A

because it depends on the amount of fluid ingested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid, blood plasma, transcellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of fluid is mostly in our body?

A

intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much of our body weight is from intracellular fluid?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is intracellular fluid low or high in?

A

low: sodium, calcium, chloride
high: potassium, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of cells allow free exchange of water?

A

cells between intracellular and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The cells between intracellular and extracellular fluid do NOT allow what to pass freely?

A

most electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is intracellular fluid located?

A

inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is extracellular fluid located?

A

outside the cells (plasma, interstitial fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much of our body weight is extracellular fluid?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is extracellular fluid low or high in?

A

low in potassium, phosphate and protein

high in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are interstitial fluid and plasma separated by?

A

highly permeable capillary membranes (except proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to low water concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

equilibrium pressure between the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic forces generated by the addition of a solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrostatic pressure occurs because of what?

A

increase in water in a compartment, pushing water into the solute free compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are osmoles?

A

total number of particles in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is 1 osmole equal to?

A

1 mole of solute particle

1 mole of gluocse/liter = 1 osmole/liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If a molecules can dissociate into ions the osmoles equal what?

A

the number of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1 mole of sodium chloride dissociates into chloride. the sodium ions equal what?

A

2osmoles/liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmolality

A

Osmoles per kilogram of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osmolarity

A

Psmoles perliter of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When is the ONLY time osmolarity and osmolality can be used interchangably?

A

Dilute body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Intercellular and extracellular fluids are in psmotic equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What will the cell do in an isotonic solution?

A

Nothing, no shrinking or swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Asolution that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What will happen to the cells if they are placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Cell will swell becuase there is less than .9% NaCl and less than 5% glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Solution with a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cell will shrink becauze there is more than .9% NaCl or more than 5%glucose in the solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When would the cells swell?

A

Ingestion of water or intravenous fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When would cells shrink?

A

Not ingesting adequate fluids, loss of fluids from gastrointestinal tract, sweating, fluid loss from kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Water will move acrlss a selectively permeable ,e,brane from a region of ___water concentration to one that has a ____water concentration

A

High to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The most variable spurce of water loss from the human body is water lost via…?

A

Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the first step in forming urine?

A

Body has to remove wasterodjcts from the blood stream

Blood arrives in the kidney via the renal artery, interlobular arteries are thr last major bramches before filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is step two in forming urine?

A

Blood is delivered to the renal corpjscle via the afferent areriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is step three in forming urine?

A

electrolytes, nutrients and waste products and water are all filtered out
red blood cells and plasma proteins should not filter out under normal conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are renal capillary membranes different than other capillaries in the body?

A

they have three layers instead of two
endothelium
basement membrane
epithelial cell layer (podocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How much more water and solutes do the glomerular capillaries filter than regular capillaries?

A

several hundreds of times more water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why do some things filter and others don’t?

A

because there are different pore sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are big pores called?

A

fenestrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are smaller pores called?

A

slit pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are slit pores made of?

A

pedicles and podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the fenestrae in the endothelium of the glomerular capillary membrane?

A

thousands of relatively large fenestrae

negatively charged to prevent passage of plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe the basement membrane.

A

meshwork of proteoglycan fibrillae and collagen, which allows for the flow of a lot of water and small solutes to pass and inhibit passage of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe the epiethelium of a glomerular capillary membrane.

A

non-continuous layer and the podocytes line the outer surface of the glomerulus
there are long foot-like projections that encircle the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What should never happen with the epithelium of the glomerular capillary membrane?

A

proteins should never leak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What do the long foot-like projections of the epithelium of the glomerular capillary membrane do?

A

allow water and solutes to be filtered through the gaps between the foot-like projections (slit pores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The membranes of the glomerulus carry a negative charge to help prevent the passage of what?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How many layers are present at the glomerular capillary membrane?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What kinds of things are reabsorbed later in the nephron?

A

glucose, water, ions, amino acids, bicarbonate, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How does filtration work?

A

pressure differentials between the fluid in the glomerulus and the fluid in the bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How does the body manage pressures?

A

control of smooth muscle of the afferent and efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Changes in blood pressure have a significant and direct impact on what?

A

glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure is also called what?

A

oncotic pressure

59
Q

Define renal plasma flow.

A

the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time, usually expressed in mL/min

60
Q

Define filtration fraction.

A

proportion of the fluid reaching the kidneys which passes into the renal tubules

61
Q

How do you calculate the GFR?

A

GFR= RPF x FF

62
Q

What is the typical filtration fraction?

A

20%

63
Q

What is the typical renal plasma flow?

A

550mL/min

64
Q

How much do you filter from plasma per day?

A

160 liters

65
Q

How does the body increase glomerular filtration rate?

A

altering renal plasma flow or filtration fraction

66
Q

How do you alter renal plasma flow?

A

increase overall cardiac output and dilate afferent arterioles in the kidneys

67
Q

How do you alter the filtration fraction?

A

contract efferent arteriole, increasing glomerular pressure

68
Q

How else can glomerular filtration rate be determined?

A

balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membrane

69
Q

What is the capillary filtration coefficient?

A

permeability of the capillary and surface area of the capillary

70
Q

In a normal adult, what is the normal function of glomerular filtration rate?

A

high glomerular hydrostatic pressure and large filtration coefficient

71
Q

What does a large filtration coefficient have?

A

large filtering surface area, high permeability of the glomerular capillary

72
Q

What are the things that add up the net filtration pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries (55mmHg)
hydrostatic pressure inside bowman’s capsule (15mmHg)
colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary plasma proteins (30mmHg)
colloid osmotic pressure of the proteins in bowman’s pressure (0 mmHg)

you subtract the first three and add the last one

73
Q

What are the forces that favor filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60 mmHg)

bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0mmHg)

74
Q

What are the forces that inhibit filtration?

A

bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (18mmHg)

glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (32mmHg)

75
Q

How are the capillaries of nephrons different from others in the body?

A

they are 3 layers of material

76
Q

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating the filtration fraction?

A

FF= GFR/RBF

77
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus is proportional to the concentration of…?

A

proteins in the blood stream

78
Q

What happens if we decrease the amount of functional glomerular capillaries (with age or disease)?

A

decreases surface area for filtration= decrease in Kf

79
Q

What if we increase the thickness of capillary membrane (hypertension or diabetes)?

A

decreases the permeability of the capillary membrane= decrease in Kf

80
Q

What about changes in bowman’s capsule pressure?

A

bowman’s capsule pressure = decreased GFR

81
Q

What happens if we increase glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure?

A

arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure and increase in renal blood flow (lower fraction of the plasma is initially filtered out)

increase in glomerular colloid osmotic pressure= decreased GFR

82
Q

increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure equals what?

A

increase GFR

83
Q

decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure equals what?

A

decrease GFR

84
Q

What is the most common physiological regulation of GFR?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

85
Q

What changes glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

arterial pressure, afferent arteriolar resistance, efferent arteriole resistance

86
Q

If arterial pressure increases, what happens to glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

increases

87
Q

What is the increase in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure buffered by?

A

auto regulatory processes (there is very little increase in GFR as blood pressure increases)

88
Q

If you constrict afferent arterioles, what happens to glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

decreases

89
Q

What happens when there is an increase in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

slight increase in GFR

90
Q

Renal blood flow is what percent of cardiac output?

A

22%

91
Q

Kidneys consume how much more oxygen than the brain?

A

2 times

92
Q

Why do the kidneys consume more oxygen than the brain?

A

due to the higher rate of active sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules

93
Q

How much more blood flow do the kidneys have than the brain?

A

7 times

94
Q

What does the blood going to the kidney do for it?

A

supplies it with nutrients/remove waste products

supplies kidney with plasma for the high rate of glomerular filtration

95
Q

What is the renal blood flow equation?

A

[renal artery pressure - renal vein pressure] / total vascular resistance

96
Q

Renal arterial pressure is equal to what other pressure?

A

systemic arterial pressure

97
Q

The kidneys maintain a fairly constant blood flow and GFR over what range?

A

80-170mmHg

98
Q

What is renal vein pressure?

A

3-4mmHg

99
Q

Where does renal vascular resistance occur?

A

interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles

100
Q

What is renal vascular resistance controlled by?

A

SNS, hormones, internal renal control mechanisms

101
Q

Increase in renal vascular resistance does what to blood flow?

A

reduces blood flow (vice versa can happen as well)

102
Q

Renal medulla accounts for how much renal blood flow?

A

1-2%

103
Q

What is the renal medulla supplied by?

A

vasa recta that descend into the medulla with loops of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons

104
Q

What part of the kidney receives the most renal blood flow?

A

renal cortex

105
Q

Does mild, moderate or strong sympathetic activation decrease GFR?

A

strong

106
Q

When would one experience a strong sympathetic activation to decrease GFR?

A

during severe acute situations (defense reaction, brain ischemia, severe hemorrhage)

107
Q

What does autacoid mean?

A

local hormone influence

108
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

constrict afferent and efferent arterioles, which decrease GFR
This is parallel sympathetic activity, GFR is only decreased in extreme circumstances

109
Q

When is endothelin released?

A

when there is damaged vascular endothelial cells of the kidney and other tissues

110
Q

Endothelin causes constriction or dilation?

A

vasoconstriction to decrease blood loss

111
Q

What kind of diseases have endothelin activated?

A

toxemia of pregnancy, acute renal failure, uremia

112
Q

Which hormone is a powerful vasoconstrictor?

A

angiotensin II

113
Q

When is angiotensin released?

A

due to decreased arterial pressure or volume depletion

114
Q

Which arteriole is usually vasodilated and which can constrict?

A

afferent typically stays dilated, but efferents are highly sensitive and can constrict

115
Q

What is the purpose of angiotensin II in the kidney?

A

to maintain GFR and decrease flow through the peritubular capillaries

116
Q

Why would we need to decrease flow through the peritubular capillaries?

A

to increase reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules

117
Q

What are the types of autacoid hormones?

A

angiotensin II, endothelial-derived nitric oxide, prostaglandins, bradykinin

118
Q

What does endothelial-derived nitric oxide do?

A

maintains vasodilation of the kidneys, allows the normal excretion of sodium and water

119
Q

What does atherosclerosis and damage to the endothelium do to endothelial-derived nitric oxide?

A

decreases it, which increases renal vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure

120
Q

What do prostaglandins and bradykinin do?

A

they are vasodilators, increase renal blood flow and GFR

counteract the vasoconstrictors of afferent arterioles

121
Q

Giving what kind of medicine after surgery can decrease GFR drastically?

A

nSAIDs (aspirin)

122
Q

Overall, what does each hormone do to the GFR?

A

NE, epinephrine, endothelin decrease GFR

endothelial-derived nitric oxide, prostaglandins and bradykinin increase GFR

angiotensin II prevents decrease in GFR

123
Q

What is autoregulation for the kidneys?

A

an intrinsic mechanism of the kidneys that keeps blood flow and GFR relatively constant

124
Q

Arterial pressure can range from 75-160mmHg with only how much increase in GFR?

A

10%

125
Q

What would happen if we didn’t have autoregulation of the kidneys?

A

any increase in blood pressure would quickly deplete blood volume

126
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

feedback mechanism linking sodium concentration with renal artery resistance
this ensures a constant delivery of salt to the distal tubule

127
Q

What happens when the renal cells sense a decrease in sodium concentration?

A

initiates a signal that decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles and renin is released

128
Q

What does a decrease in resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles do when there is low sodium?

A

increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and increases GFR

129
Q

What does renin do when there is a decrease in sodium?

A

increases the formation of angiotensin II, which constricts the efferent arterioles and increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and increases GFR

130
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A

the ability of the individual blood vessels in the body to resist stretching during increased arterial pressure

131
Q

Does the myogenic mechanism have a direct effect on GFR?

A

likely, and renal blood flow regulation as well

132
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism thought to do?

A

protect kidneys from damage during an increase in blood pressure

133
Q

Which is higher, filtration and reabsorption or excretion?

A

filtration and absorption

134
Q

What does high GFR allow us to do?

A

rapidly excrete waste products from the body

135
Q

GFR allows us to filer how many liters of blood per day?

A

180L/day

136
Q

The entire plasma can be filtered how many times per day?

A

60 times per day

137
Q

Which solutes have an excretion rate equal to or less than the filtration rate-reabsorption?

A

electrolytes (sodium, bicarbonate ions, chloride ions)

138
Q

Which solutes have an excretion rate of nearly zero?

A

nutritional substances in the blood (amino acids and glucose)

139
Q

If the body is under normal conditions, how much glucose and blood should be in the urine?

A

none

140
Q

Which solutes have an excretion rate that is equal to filtration rate+secretion rate?

A

organic acids and bases, foreign substances and drugs

141
Q

When a solute has an excretion rate= filtration rate + secretion rate, what does this allow?

A

rapid clearing of substance from the system, excreted in large amounts in the urine

142
Q

What happens when the negative charge is compromised?

A

basement membrane loses its electrical charge

albumin is filtered and will appear in the urine

143
Q

What does urine look like if there is protein?

A

frothy appearance

Phys III Exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions