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Language > Word identification and reading > Flashcards

Word identification and reading Flashcards

1
Q

what is the TRACE model McClelland & Elman (1986)

A

Phonemes are combinations of auditory features and time

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the TRACE model

A

Three layers:
Feature units
Phoneme units
Word units

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3
Q

what are the 3 levels of the Interactive activation model (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1982)

A 
Levels:
Feature detectors
Primary visual cortex (V1)
Letter detectors
Word detectors
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4
Q

what are the connectionist models of word identification

A

(Early models focus mostly on reading)
Interactive activation model
The TRACE model

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5
Q

problems with the TRACE model

A

Unlike written language, time plays an important role in spoken language
This makes things really complex (as the illustration on the right shows)
Basically, detectors at the phoneme level are sensitive to the duration and order of inputs

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6
Q

strengths of the TRACE model

A

Predicts word-level top-down effects, such as phonemic restoration
Can account for almost all classical results on word recognition, including context effects

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7
Q

weaknesses of the TRACE model

A

Doesn’t have a mechanism to account for the importance of the first phoneme
Is it even falsifiable?
Can it account for anything?
maybe too general
The best models make strong positive and negative predictions

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8
Q

what is the Dual-route cascaded (DRC) model (Coltheart et al., 2001)

A

Model of reading aloud
incorporates interactive activation model
It’s just shown at a different level of abstraction
There still are nodes for each feature/letter/word/phoneme/meaning at each level

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9
Q

what are the 2 paths in the DRC model

A 
Two paths to naming a word
Direct route:
print - lexicon
Indirect route:
print - grapheme-phoneme rules
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10
Q

Word identification during reading

A

Words don’t usually occur on their own on a page
How do readers manage to process 250 words per minute (that’s more than 4 words per second)?
Simple, unsatisfactory answer: they move their eyes
But maybe eye movements are the key to understanding reading?

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11
Q

how many letter can the fovea see

A

8

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12
Q

how many letters can the parafovea see

A

15

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of eye movement involved in reading

A

saccades

fixations

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14
Q

what are saccades

A

Extremely fast, “ballistic” (duration ca. 20-50 ms)
Need to be planned in advance
No visual information available (saccadic suppression)

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15
Q

what are fixations

A

Stationary periods in between saccades
Mean duration 200 – 250 ms, high variability
Visual information available

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16
Q

how do eyes move in reading

A

Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
Some words are skipped
Others are refixated
Occasionally there are regressions to earlier words

17
Q

the perceptual span

Moving window paradigm (McConkie & Rayner , 1975)

A

15 and 11 character windows to measure perceptual span

18
Q

results of Moving window paradigm (McConkie & Rayner , 1975)

A

Note that window size is total window size
(e.g. 13 = 6 characters to the left of fixation and 6 to the right)
FL = Full line = no mask
Performance at 29 spaces is indistinguishable from full line

19
Q

what is the English perceptual span

A

Reading is not affected if you take away letters more than 14 characters to the right and more than 3 characters to the left(in English)
The perceptual span is asymmetric in the direction of reading:

20
Q

are perceptual spans language dependent

A 
Different languages have different perceptual spans:
Hebrew (read right to left):
7 left, 2 right
Chinese (read left to right):
3 characters right, 1 character left
21
Q

moving window in deaf readers Bélanger, Slattery, Mayberry, & Rayner (2013)

A

LSKD:
Low reading skill deaf readers = smaller reading window and perceptual span
SKD
Skilled deaf readers = have larger perceptual spans after 14
SKH
Skilled hearing readers = don’t show improvement in reading rate after 14

22
Q

what is the Moving mask paradigm: Rayner & Bertera (1979)

A

masks certain number of characters to measure reading without fovea (1, 3, 9 character masks)
Eye tracking can be used to dynamically change the display as a subject moves his or her eyes: Moving window paradigm

23
Q

results of moving mask paradigm for larger masks

A 
Fixation duration increases sharply
Saccade length decreases
But then increases again for larger masks as people try to escape them
Number of fixations decreases
Reading rate decreases
Naming accuracy decreases sharply
24
Q

whats the main idea behind the E-Z Reader model

A

Word identification drives attention and eye movements

25
Q

what is the E-Z reader model

A

Attention is allocated serially on each word from left to right
Word identification occurs in two stages, L1 and L2
Completing L1 triggers a saccade to the next word
Completing L2 triggers an attention shift to the next word

26
Q

what are the 5 processing stages of the E-Z reader model

A 
V
M1 
M2
L1 
L2
27
Q

what is the V stage of the EZ reader model

A

Early visual processing stage

28
Q

what is the L1 stage of the EZ reader model

A

First stage of lexical processing
“Familiarity check”
When L1 completes, an eye movement programme to the next word is started

29
Q

what is the L2 stage of the EZ reader model

A

Lexical access
Retrieval of meaning
When L2 completes, attention shifts to the subsequent word
another L1 begins on that word

30
Q

what is the M1 stage of the EZ reader model

A

Labile stage of saccade preparation
Can be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion
Followed by M2

31
Q

what is the M2 stage of the EZ reader model

A

Non-labile stage of saccade preparation

Cannot be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion

32
Q

what is parafoveal processing

A

Parafoveal processing occurs whenever L2 is completed before M1 and M2.
On difficult words, L2 takes longer to complete, resulting in less parafoveal processing
This can explain spillover effects and reduced preview benefit

33
Q

how does speed reading work

A

Is it possible to learn how to read faster?
Normal speed for a university student: 250 words per minute
Claimed speeds: 600-700 wpm (at least!)
Actually, speed readers are (at best) very good at skimming and making inferences.
No memory for details they haven’t fixated.

34
Q

how many words can you process a minute

A

250 ( 4 per second)

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