Word Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Paranoia
A
cocaine/amphetamine intoxication
2
Q
Depression
A
cocaine/amphetamine withdrawal
3
Q
Arrythmias
A
cocaine intoxication
4
Q
Violence
A
PCP
5
Q
Vertical nystagmus
A
PCP
6
Q
Pinpoint pupils
A
opiate overdose –> naloxone to treat
7
Q
Flu-like muscle aches
A
opiate withdrawal –> clonidine to treat/ease withdrawal
8
Q
Flashbacks
A
LSD
9
Q
Seizures
A
benzoid withdrawal –> tx with phenobarbitol
10
Q
Death
A
barbituate withdrawal
11
Q
neurofibrillary tangles
A
tau
12
Q
senile plaques
A
beta amyloid
13
Q
mature plaques
A
have a core
14
Q
neuritic plaques
A
have fibers inside them
15
Q
lewy bodies
A
alpha synuclein
16
Q
alpha synuclein in eocortical areas and basal ganglia
A
lewy body dementia
17
Q
central pink core with halo and border of neuromelanin
A
lewy body
18
Q
alpha synuclein in oligodendrocytes
A
multiple system atrophy (not parkinson)
19
Q
globose tangle and neuropil threads with tau stain
A
supranuclear palsy
20
Q
extension of tumor into corpus callosum (butterfly)
A
glioblastoma
21
Q
parenchymal infiltration and irregular hyperchromatic nuclei and satellitosis
A
astrocytic glioma
22
Q
large nuclei with prominent nucleoli
A
neuron
23
Q
dark nucleus with no cytoplasm
A
oligodendrocyte
24
Q
oval, light staining nuclei, scant cytoplasm
A
astrocytes
25
pink central area of debris with surrounding nuclei piling up
pseudopalisading necrosis
26
tripolar mitosis (mercedes sign)
atypia in highly proliferative glioma
27
tumor cells surrounding a vessel
secondary structure in high or low grade glioblastomas
28
gfap expression
glioblastoma
29
Ki-67 stain
fast growth --> glioblastoma
30
EGFR amplification
primary glioblastoma/chr10; older people 30-40% of glioblastomas
31
IDH1/p53
secondary glioblastoma, younger people, progression of milder astrocytomas
32
1p/19q
better prognosis anaplastic oligodendroglioma --> more responsive to therapy
33
MGMT promoter methylation
reduced resistance to treatment for malignant gliomas
34
fried egg appearance + chicken wire capillaries
oligodendroglioma
35
silver stain + frothy intraalveolar exudate
pneumocystis
36
india ink
cryptococcus
37
monocytes
viral, fungal, mycobacterial
38
reduced csf glucose
bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, tumor
39
cysts in brain parenchyma --> cribiform vacuolization
cryptococcus
40
temporal necrosis
hsv1 encephalitis
41
opacification of basal meninges
tuberculosis
42
painful eye movements
optic neuritis
43
frequency and urge incontinence of bladder
MS UMN bladder dysfunction
44
temperature related weakness/numbness
Uhthoff's in MS
45
electrical/pain sensation on bending neck
Lhermitte's in MS
46
FLAIR lesions by ventricles
Dawson's Fingers in MS
47
gadolinium MRI lesions
acute
48
perivascular lymphocytosis
breakdown of BBB
49
black holes
chronic lesions
50
CD45RO
T cell
51
CD68
macrophages
52
bilateral vestibular schwannoma
NF2
53
oligodendrocyte virus
JC
54
peripheral nerve virus
rabies
55
judgement, abstract reasoning, restraint, strategy
frontal lobes
56
dysphasia, automatism
temporal lobes
57
sensory agnosias and apraxias
parietal lobes
58
alzheimer allele
APOE4
59
ubiquitin and tdp43
als or ftd depending on where lesions are
60
circadian master clock
scn
61
sleep switch
vlpo
62
enterochromaffin cells
serotonin in gut = 80%
63
tph1
periphery regulator of serotonin production
64
tph2
central regulator of serotonin production
65
tryptophan hydroxylase
rl step tryptophan --> 5htp
66
laaad
converts 5htp --> 5ht and dopa --> dopamine
67
tyrosine hydroxylase
rl step tyrosine --> dopa
68
dopamine beta hydroxylase
dopamine --> NE
69
PNMT
NE --> E
70
5ht1r
cns; gi
71
5ht2r
cns; gq
72
5ht3r
peripheral;ion
73
5ht4r
enteric; gs
74
5ht5-7r
cns, gs
75
presynaptic serotonin receptors
5ht1a/b/d
76
serotonin syndrome
abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, fever, tachycardia, htn, ams from ssri or maoi
77
DRD4/DAT
dopamine receptor and transporter linked with ADHD
78
executive function network
frontostriatal
79
motivation and suppressing network
frontal limbic
80
timing and coordination circuit
motor cortex-striatal-cerebellar
81
autism age requirement
<3
82
ADHD age requirement
<7 in 2 settings
83
depression time requirement
2 weeks + 4 SAGECAPS
84
mania time requirement
7 days for first episode
85
BDI requirement
1 manic + 1 depressive episode
86
BDII requirement
1 hypomanic + 1 depressive episode
87
bipolar m/f
equal
88
MDD m/f
more f
89
ADHD m/f
2:1 M:F
90
small hippocampus
depression
91
large head
autism
92
autism risk gene
area between cadherin 9 and 10 for cell adhesion (formation of synapses)
93
facial expression
superior temporal sulcus
94
face/person recognition
fusiform gyrus
95
arousal, attention, reward
amygdala
96
theory of mind
superior frontal gyrus
97
mirror neurons
inferior frontal gyrus
98
CRF release
hypothalamus
99
ACTH release
pituitary
100
glucocorticoid release
adrenal gland
101
suicide attempts m/f
2-3x more female attempts
102
suicide m/f
4:1 m:f
103
suicide risk factors
suicide attempts, hopelessness, aggression, psych diagnosis
104
tx of suicide
cognitive therapy: dialectical
105
schizophrenia time requirement
>6 months
106
antipsychotic target
D2 receptor (atypicals also target serotonin and increasingly, glutamate)
107
schizophrenia m/f
equal but men have earlier onset which is worse
108
cause of schizophrenia positive symptoms
excess mesolimbic dopamine (VTA vs. temporal cortex and hippocampus)
109
cause of schizophrenia negative symptoms
shortage of dopamine in mesocortical circuits (VTA vs. prefrontal cortex and nuc accumbens)
110
stimulates appetite and inhibits flight or fight response
neuropeptide y
111
milk letdown and affiliative/bonding behaviors
oxytocin
112
social anxiety disorder time requirement
6 months
113
panic disorder time requirement
10-40 minutes followed by 1 month of worry about the panic attack
114
panic disorder m/f
2x in women
115
generalized anxiety disorder time requirement
most days in 6 month period
116
dopamine pathway that runs from midbraine to caudate
nigrostriatal
117
dopamine pathway that runs from hypothalamus to pituitary
tuberoinfundibular
118
PTSD time requirement
1 month
119
PTSD m/f
more women
120
Tx of OCD
CBT, serotonergic drugs
121
rule of thirds
1/3 of pts in schizophrenia get better, have a good response with ongoing tx, have no improvement
122
BN time requirement
2 binge episodes/week for 3 months
123
tx of BN
cbt + antidepressant
