Wooden Stucture Flashcards
Emphasis of Confucius ideas
Hierarchy of kind and officials, parents and children, and social classes
Emphasis of Buddhist ideas
Rebirth
Incarnation
Timeless
Emphasis of Taoist Ideas
Go to the Mother Nature and the freedom from rigid regulation
Sometimes it encourages “negative” life attitudes - meditation, self-fulfilment, and strengthening. So it was not supported by the government
Reflections in architectural design of Confucius ideas
Key words: order, symmetry, hierarchy, balance and solemn
The buildings strictly followed the order and class
No creation was encouraged
Reflections in architectural design of Buddhist ideas
Buddhist temples embody the principles of Buddhist ideas such as the progression of courtyards and the hierarchical relationship between primary and subordinate structures
The temple and palace used similar components and buildings systems, highlighting the prominent position of Buddhism in the country
Reflections in architectural design of Taoist ideas
Chinese garden and vernacular buildings are partly the results of Taoist ideas
These buildings abandon the symmetrical layout and solemn face, demonstrating greater flexibility
What the “Records of works” is about?
China’s first engineering masterpiece, one of the earliest, most authoritative, and lost influential of China’s ancient urban planning theories during the Spring and Autumn period and before, proposing the basic planning ideas and urban patterns for China’s cities, especially capital cities
In which larger book the Records of works is included?
The Rites of Zhou
When were written The Rites of Zhou?
Around 200 BC
What is the Chinese translation of the book Records of works?
Kao Gong Ji
When was the book Timber Construction written? (Date+Dynasty)
500 AD
Sui dynasty
Who wrote the Timber Construction?
Yu Hao
What Timber Construction is about?
A work on methods of house construction and the first manual on wood-frame construction in the history of China. However, the complete work has been lost, and only a brief account is available
Who edited the Rules of Construction?
Li Jie, Minister of Works during Song Dynaty
When was written the Rules of Construction?
1100 AD
What the book Rules on Construction is about?
An official code book for architectural design and construction issued by the Nothern Song Officials. It describes in detail the relevant architectural forms, modular requirements, decoration techniques, and construction management of the Song dynasty, which are of great practical significance
Who wrote the Crafts of Gardens?
Ji Cheng
When The Craft of Gardens was written?
1631 AD
Ming Dynasty
What the Craft of Gardens is about?
The only existing ancient Chinese treatise on garden design. The work outlines principles and techniques for creating harmonious gardens, emphasising picturesque aesthetics, natural elements, and spatial composition. It holds an irreplaceable position in the history of Chinese gardens, and has significantly influenced Japanese designers, who esteem it as a timeless classic of garden design
Name the 4 representatives classical books on buildings in Chinese History
Kao Gong Ji (Records of works)
Timber Construction
Rules on Construction
The Craft of Gardens
Characteristics of Beam
The most important component or support the structure, typically spanning between columns and carrying loads from the roof and upper floors
Characteristics of Rafter
A rafter that supports the roof covering, often placed parallel to the ridge and transferring the load from the roof to the main structure
Characteristics of Tie-Beam
Connects columns or walls, intersecting vertically with the beam and providing lateral with the beam and providing lateral stability lui tu and preventing the structure from spreading
Characteristics of Eave
Roof rafters that are laid on top of rafters to support the roof covering, helping to form the sloped structure of the roof
Characteristics of Column
Serves as a vertical support, transmitting loads from beams or rafters above down to the foundation
Characteristics of Dou
A structural element that acts as a bracket or support
It is typically used to connect beams and columns
Characteristics of Gong
A component that forms an arch
It helps support the roof, often designed in an ornamental style
Characteristics of Ang
The upwards-turned ends of the roof eaves
This feature not only serves an aesthetic purpose but also helps in directing rainwater away from the walls of the building
Characteristics of Qiao
A raised element that is placed above Gong, contributing to the decorative and functional aspects of the roof system
Characteristics of Sheng
An upward component that is placed above Gong and Qiao, enhancing the verticality of the structure
What is the role of the mouth of the Dougong?
Defining the size of the Dougong
Classification of roof forms:
- Double Eave Hip Roof
- Double Eave Gable and Hip Roof
- Single-Eave Hip Roof
- Single-Eave Overhanging Gable Roof
- Overhanging Gable Roof
- Flush Gable Roof
NA. Dome
Explain Bay Width
Standard unit of measure the width of building
Jian in Chinese
Distance between two columns = 1 bay
What is Jian?
Distance between 2 columns
= Bay
What is Bu?
Depth of a building
Distance between rafters
What is a Hip Roof?
Highest class roof form
Sloped on all sides
Primarily used for palaces, temples and important gateways
Can be double-eave
What is a Gable and Hip Roof?
Second highest-class form
Features 9 ridges, hence also known as 9-ridge roof
Can be Double-Eave or Round Ridge
What is a Overhanging Gable Roof?
Features a single ridge, two sloping sides
Characterised by eaves that extend beyond the gable wall
Designed to enhance rain protection, commonly used in southern residence
What is Flush Gable Roof?
The gable walls intersect with the roof without overhanging eaves
Provides protection against wind and fire, commonly used in northern residences
What is a Pyramidal Roof?
Pyramidal shape with no central ridge
The apex converges at a single point
Commonly used in pavilions, terraces and towers
Can be round, triangular or octogonal
What is a Truncated Pyramidal Roof?
Features a flat top enclosed by four ridges, connecting to a Hip Roof below
Used as a capped roof for palaces and halls ; open for warehouse and pavilions
What is the structure of a Post and Lintel Construction?
Beams are placed on top of the columns, with additional columns and beams layered progressively upward
The process continues utilise a ridge beam is placed at the top
Beams connect the columns to support rafters, forming a complete structural framework
What is the structure of a Column and Tie Construction?
This form is simple, one post to support one rafter
The columns are interconnected through tue-beams
What is the structure of a Stacking Wood Construction?
No use of vertical columns or large beams
Round, rectangular, or hexagonal timbers are stacked parallel and interlocked at corners to form walls which in turn support the rafters
What is the character of Post and Lintel Construction?
The most widely used of the three structural forms
It allows for fewer or even no columns indoors, creating a larger space
Therefore, formal and official buildings are all constructed using this structure
What is the character of Column and Tie construction?
More number of posts than the Post and Lintel Construction
Post linked to form like sheering wall, posts are usually thinner than normal columns
Mostly seen in the southern vernacular buildings, where big lumber is difficult to find.
What is the character of stacking wood construction?
Not commonly seen in traditional Chinese architecture
This method uses too much lumber and never got large-scale applications
Such buildings are built in the timber-rich area and they satisfy the tourist’s desires
