Wood Flashcards
two primary calssification of softwood lumber
yard lumber: structural purposes and rough framing; further classfied as boards, dimension, and timber
factory and shop lumber: used for making door frames, windows, and finish items
define board, dimension, and timber when referring to softwood yard lumber
board - less and 2” thick; 2” or more wide
dimension - 2”-5” thick; 4” to 12” or more wide
timber - 5” or more thick; 5” or more wide
Wood
- Wood is readily available as a building material
- Lower cost than concrete, masonry, and steel structures
- Stronger in compression than tension
- For improved tension and compression apply load parallel to the grain • For improved shear strength, apply load perpendicular to the grain
- Heavy Timber resists fire better than unprotected steel
Wood that will be seen in finish applications (e.g.: flooring, interior trim, furniture, hardwoods, casework) are sawn from a log in what way?
quartersawn to produce lumber that have annual rings running nearly perpendicular to the face of the piece
When a tree is cut, the water slowly begins to evaporate in the following order:
- Free Water: water held in the cavities of the cells. Reduces water content to 26% - 32% moisture
- Bound Water: water held in within the cellulose of the cell walls, wood starts to shrink at this point and the strength and stiffness of the wood begins to increase.
• Seasoning
• Water content in a piece of wood can vary between 30% - 300% of the oven-dry
weight of the wood. This unseasoned wood is called greenwood.
• Seasoned lumber is stronger and stiffer than unseasoned, more dimensionally
stable, and lighter in weight.
• Sawing:
• Most lumber intended for use in building framing is plainsawed,
which produces the maximum yield of lumber from a log.
• Some pieces have the rings running perpendicular to the faces
of the piece, some have rings on various diagonals, and some
have rings running parallel to the faces.
• Varying grain orientation cause pieces to distorted differently
during seasoning, or drying, vary differently in their appearance,
and erode at different rates when used as flooring, siding, etc.
• Grading
• Each piece of
lumber is graded for appearance or structural strength and stiffness at the mill.
• Appearance grading is done visually by trained inspectors. Structural grading is done either visually or by machine.
• •
Lumber is sold by species and grade …. Higher grade = more $$$ Grade stamps are applied to each piece of lumber.
Grade Stamp
to be considered dry lumber, moisture content in wood cannot exceed ____%
19
to be grademarked kiln dry, moisture content in wood cannot exceed ___%
15
wood shrinks mostly in which direction relative to its grain?
perpendicular to its grain
When wood joists are framed into masonry walls, a fire cut is required for wood joists because…
…it prevents the masonry from being pushed up and out if the wood member should collapse during a fire.
LVL (or laminated veneer lumber)
uses the veneers in sheets and looks like thick
plywood with no crossbands
-also sometimes called thin glued laminated framing
Structural Composite Lumber
• Made up of ordinary plywood veneers or of long strands of wood fiber
• All grains of all the veneers or strands are oriented in the longitudinal direction of
the piece of lumber to achieve max bending strength.
• LVL (or laminated veneer lumber) uses the veneers in sheets and looks like thick
plywood with no crossbands
• It’s stronger, straighter, and more uniform than conventional lumber and less
likely to warp, twist, bow, or shrink
structural insulated panel (SIP)
composite unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material
- commonly composed of 7/16 OSB
- insulated with molded expanded poly styrene
advantages of SIPs
- decreased construction time (one third less)
- imporved insulation value with no thermal bridges
- reduced air infiltration
- stronger than conventional stud and sheathing construction
- very flat walls for subsequent finishes
- dimensional stability
common coordition concers for SIPs
-detailing vapor barriers
providing seismic anchors where required
-detailing termite shield in geographical areas where requried
for heavy timber construction the UBC requires that interior columns be at least
8 x 8 in nominal size
- beams and girders supporting floors be at least 6 in wide and 10 in deep
- floor decking be at least 3 in thick nominally
- roof decking to have least 2 in nominal thickness
glulams are available in 3 appearance grades
industrial - used whre appearance is not a primary concern
architactural - used where appearance is a factor but the best grade is not required
premium - finest appearance is important
pressure treated wood
preservative is forced deep into wood cells
- protects from fungi, moisture, and insects
3 basic types of wood preservative
creosote - distillate of coal tar and is effective protection against insects; insoluable in water; easy to apply; used mainly to protect railroad ties, marine timbers, and roadway guard posts; not used in building applications
oil borne preservative - include pentchlorophenol(penta); used to treat utility poles and cross arms, fresh water pilings, and bridge timbers; applied by brishing, dipping, or pressure treating; generally not used in building application but sometimes used for long span glulams
waterborne preservatives - used in building; include ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ); also known as alkaline copper quat, copper azole, and sodium borate (SBX); leave wood paintable; odorless
two chemical wood preservative that aren’t good to use
chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA)
- harmful to health and environment because of arsenic content
- CCA was phased out by EPA in 2003; chemcials leach out form wood
- ACQ more corrisive than CCA to fasteners and flashing
- aluminium flashing should not be used with these preservative
- preservative with borates will leach out when exposed to moisture; preservative with borates are limited to areas protected from moisture and not in contact with ground
when wood that is treated with preservatives is cut exposed areas should be treated with
a copper naphenate solution containing at least 2 percent copper.
what organization grades finish carpentry lumber
WWPA
Western Wood Products Association
heartwood
wood that comes from the center of the tree
sapwood
wood that comes from the perimeter of the tree
fingerjointed
short pieces are joined with finger-like projecttion
-apporpriate for a paint finish where joints will be covered
plainsawn
least expensive
-most efficient use of wood
quartersawing
cutting a log into quarters and then sawing perpendicular to a diamter line
-grain pattern is uniformly veritcal
rift cutting
similar to quatersawing but all pieces are cut perpendicular to grain
Standards for architectural wood work are set by
Flitch
Veneer is obtained either by “peeling” the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks of wood known as flitches. The appearance of the grain and figure in wood comes from slicing through the growth rings of a tree and depends upon the angle at which the wood is sliced. There are three main types of veneer-making equipment used commercially:
3 consideration when matching veneer panels on a wall
in increasing importance
matching between adjacent veneer leaves
matching veneers within a panel
matching panels within a room
high rpessure decorative laminate (HDPL)
-thin sheet material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamin resin
solid surfacing
is a generic term for homogeneous, polymer based surfacing materials
can be formed into thick flat sheets or into shapes
-frequently used for kitchen and bath countertops
Flame spread groupings found in IBC
A = 0-25
B = 26-75
C=76-200
two types of wood stains
water based: yields uniform color; raises grain
solvent base: dry quickly; don’t raise grain; less uniform
both types are penetrating finishes and are difficult to remove
Wane
the presence of bark or absence of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber
wood deformations
the straightest, most uniform grain appearance in board lumber is achieved by specifying what type of sawn wood?
rift sawing
with refit sawing, each cut for a board is made by sawing a quarter section of a log radially toward the center point of the tree. This requires the quearter section of log being sawn to be shifted slightly for each cut.
- the grain is nearly perpendicular to the face of the board
- this gives the straightest grain pattern
- normally reserved for oak, to reduce appearance of flaking, which is caused by the medullary cells in the oak
rotary slicing is ony used to make…
veneer
a. flush construction
b. flush overlay
c. reveal overlay
d. lipped overlay
in order to get a countertop or cabinet to fit snugly against a slightly irregular partition, which of the following should be specified or called out on the drawings
a. astragal
b. extended frame
c. scribe
d. shoe molding
c. scribe
a scribe is a n integral part of woodwork or a separate piece of trim that is cut, sanded, or otherwise shaped on the jobsite to exactly match the irregulatiries of an adjacent material
which of the folowing engineered products would be best to use in place of tradition of traitional wood joists for spans from 16 ft to 20 ft?
a. wood I joists
b. glulam members
c. medium deinsity fiber board
d. parallel chord wood trusses
a. wood I joists
wood I joists are designed to replace standard solid wood joists and rafters and would be very efficient, in terms of both cost ans structure, for the spans indicated
- glulam members would be more expensive and heavier than necessary for standard floor or roof framing in these span ranges.
- medium density fiberboard is a panel product and is not designed for structural uses such as beams or joists
- parallel chord wood trusses could be used, but they are more efifciently used for longer spans
shake
a lengthwise separation in a piece of rough carpentry occuring between or through the growth rings
check
a separation of the wood fibers occuring across or through the growth rings
split
similar to a checkexcept that the separation extends completely through the lumber, usually at the ends
solid wood members with a ominal thickness between 2 in and 5 in and a nominal width 2 in or greater are called
dimension lumber
fire cut joists are required in
masonry walls
in order to minimuze the space required for wood floor framing, the architect would most likely detail the connections to show the use of
saddle hangers
saddle hangers
pieces of preformed metal, designed to fit over a beam, that provide support for joists framed perpendicularly to the beam.
- this type of connection hardware allows the joists to be installed with their top edges flush with the top edges of the beams
- it avoids requirement that the joists be placed over the beams, which wold increase the total deph required for the floor structure
the horizontal member that holds individual pieces of shoring in place is called
waler
a nominal 3 x 6 piece of lumber is classified as
dimension lumber
these are used to connect wood structure that must be diassembled
shear plates
NOT split ring connectors
• Split Ring Connector
are high capacity connectors used in heavily loaded joints of timber frames and trusses.
• Is used in conjunction with a bolt and is inserted in matching circular grooves in the mating pieces of wood.
• It spreads the load across a much greater area of wood than can be done with a bolt alone
which of the following most affects lumber strength
a. a split
b. a wane
c. a check
d. a shake
a. a split
a split extends completely through the wood so this wood affect both horizontal shear resistance and bending strength. the other defects listed extend only patrially into the wood
the allowable stress ratings for lumber in the building codes are based primarly on
a. size groups
b. species
c. types of defects.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Architectural woodwork for installation in the southwest US should have a moisture conent of
a. less than 5%
b. 4%-9%
c. 5%-10%
d. 8%-13%
b. 4%-9%
the southwestern portion of the US is the driest, so moisture content should approximate the conditions in which the lumber will be used. However, it is difficult to reduce the moisture conent below 5%, so option A is an unrealistic answer
it is unrealistic to attempt and dry wood to have a moisture content of less than ___%
5
as a general rule, the length of the three sides of the work triangle in a residential kitchen should not exceed
26 ft
plywood used as sheathing is designated 32/16. What does ths mean?
32/16 is the span rating for the plywood sheathng.
- this designation means that the material has been tested according to the standard of the Enigneered WOod Association and can be used to span rafters 32 in on center or joists 16 in on center
- span rating and other information about the material can be found stamped on each sheet of plywood
APA stamp
- APA grade stamps are divided into three classes which outline the sheathing panel’s intended use: Stud-I-Floor, Rated Siding, Structural I Rated Sheathing and Rated sheathing.
- The number beneath the grade is the span rating. From the APA Guidelines: “The left-hand number is the maximum recommended center-to-center spacing for supports in inches when the panel is used for roof sheathing with the panel’s long dimensions across supports. The right-hand number is the maximum center-to-center spacing of supports in inches when the panel is used for subflooring with the panel’s long dimension across supports. The Span Rating on APA RATED STURD-I-FLOOR and APA RATED SIDING panels appears as a single number. The Span Ratings for APA RATED STURD-I-FLOOR panels, like those for APA RATED SHEATHING, are the maximum recommended center-to-center spacing for supports in inches with the panel’s long dimension or strength axis across three or more supports.” The span ratings are determined by strength and not thickness.
- Bond classification: Here the classification denotes the weather conditions and moisture levels your OSB sheathing panels are designed to withstand. Exposure 1 means the panel is not intended for permanent exposure to the elements but will withstand normal delays in construction.
- Mill Thickness expressed in inches (the thickness category is below #9). The thickness and application will help you establish the proper fastener size and spacing.
- This number identifies the producing mill.
- PS-2 10 is the voluntary standard the panel must meet or exceed.
- OSB sheathing panel face orientation indicator.
wood highly resistance to decay
black locust
osage orange
red mulberry
yews
wood resistant to decay
cedars
redwood
white oak
sassafras
junipers
catalpa
baldcypress
(old growth)
wood moderately resistant to decay
white pine
honey locust
longleaf pine
baldcypress
wood non resistant to decay
beams are defined as wood members that are at least
5 in wide with a depth at least 2 in greater than their width
board feet
what type of plywood is used for roof sheating?
the most common grade of plywood used for sheating is C-D Exterior, sometimes referred to as CDX
the Engineered WOod Association classifies plywood veneer as
On APA stamps, an exposure durability rating of “exterior” means…
On APA stamps, an exposure durability rating of “enterior” means…
panels are fully waterproof bonded and deisgned for permanent exposure to weather, when painted or sealed
On APA stamps, an exposure durability rating of “exposure 1” means…
panels have full waterproof bond and are designed for use where long construction delays may occur before panels are protected or where high moisture conditions are expected in service
-these panels are not a substitute for exterior rated panels
On APA stamps, an exposure durability rating of “exposure 2” means…
designed for use in protected construction applications where only moderate exposure to moisture is expected
in the US, the size of a nail is measured in
pennies, abbreviated “d”
nails that will be exposed to the weather should be…
…of a corrosion resistant type
- hot dipped galvanized
- aluminum
- stainless steel
the three sizes of nail most often used in light frame construction
16d, 10d, 8d
bookmatching
- most common method for laying out wood veneer
- as veneers are sliced off the log, every other piece is turned over so that adjacent leaves forma a symmmetrical grain pattern
slip match
-consecutive pieces of vener are placed side by side with the same face sides being exposed
a board foot of lumber measures…
…quantity or volums
- used to measure, compute, and price lumber
- defined as the amount of lumber contained in a piece of rough green timber one inch thick, 12 inches wide, and one foot long
- also applies to equivalent volumes of lumber that are wider or longer
ex. a two by four that is 18 inches long represents the same volume of woos as a one by 12 that is 12 inches long
