woo yeah last min paper 1 Flashcards
function of cholesterol
restricts the movement of other molecules to make the membrane less fluid and prevent leakage
channel protein structure
protein embedded into the membrane with a water-filled tube to allow transport of molecules
function of glycoproteins and glycolipids
helps cells attach to form tissues, glycoproteins act as markers so cells can be identified as foreign/self
structure of endoplasmic reticulum
continuous with the nucleus, system of sheet-like membranes
endoplasmic reticulum function
synthesises and transports (lipids/carbs/proteins), passes molecules to golgi
golgi function
secretes carbohydrates, modifies proteins and lipids
golgi vesicles
can be lysosomes, and contain molecules for transportation, which could be lysozymes
nucleolus function
manufactures ribosomes
vacuole membrane
tonoplast
cell wall functions
contributes to movement of water around a plant’s tissue, helps maintain structure
site of light-dependent
thylakoids, which make up grana
site of light-independent
stroma
function of capsule in bacteria
helps cells stick together
function of plasmids
contains dna helpful in adverse conditions
potential problems with electron micrographs
images may contain artefacts
sem vs tem resolution
sem is lower
suspension used for centrifugation
cold/buffered/isotonic
fancy word for blend
homogenise
how electron microscopes work
electron beam targeted with electromagnets
diversity definition
different alleles of a gene present in a population
leaf transport adaptations
mesophyll creates large sa for absorbtion of gases, remain in gas phase for quicker absorbtion
alveoli- why short diffusion distance
capillaries 1 cell thick, flattened against side of alveolus
how does the liquid insect thing work
fluid at the end of tracheoles move into cells via osmosis due to lactate concentration. air drawn into cell due to this movement
xerophytic plant adaptations
waxy cuticle, stomata in pits surrounded by hairs, leaves rolling up, small sa:v
explanation of gill lamellae structure
capillary runs parallel to maintain countercurrent flow
what changing shape does to bonds of substrate
distorts
starch features
insoluble so doesnt impact water potential, coiled, branched
cellulose levels of structure
chains w h bond cross-links > myofibrils > fibres
how does water get out of the xylem?
water potential gradient due to evaporation
for translocation
ringing experiments respiratory poisons stops moving up at night sap companion sells have mitochondria
against translocation
not all solutes move at the same speed
movement at the same rate down the whole plant
sieve plates weird
what are sink cells
respiring cells
why does the bohr effect happen
lower ph changes the shape of haemoglobin
purpose of double circulatory system
allows pressure to be raised again after oxygenation so blood can get to organs
name of outside heart veins
coronary artery, cardiac vein
diastole- valves
av open
sl closed
atrial systole- valves
av open
sl closed
ventricular systole- valves
av closed
sl open
what is tissue fluid made of
blood plasma
why do arterioles have thicker muscle layers
controls movement into capillaries
other way for tissue fluid to return to the blood
lymph fluid
species richness
number of different species in a community
index of diversity
relationship between number of species in a community and number of individuals of each species
conservation actions
maintaining or planting hedgerows
leave ponds or create new ones
use organic fertiliser
create conservation headlands with wild plants
