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paper threeeee Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does water get out of the xylem?

A

water potential gradient due to evaporation

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2
Q

for translocation

A 
ringing experiments
respiratory poisons
stops moving up at night
sap 
companion sells have mitochondria
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3
Q

against translocation

A

solutes move at different speeds
movement at the same rate down the whole plant
sieve plates weird

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4
Q

what are sink cells

A

respiring cells

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5
Q

why does the bohr effect happen

A

lower ph changes the shape of haemoglobin

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6
Q

purpose of double circulatory system

A

allows pressure to be raised again after oxygenation so blood can get to organs

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7
Q

name of outside heart blood vessels

A

coronary artery, cardiac vein

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8
Q

diastole- valves

A

av open

sl closed

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9
Q

atrial systole- valves

A

av open

sl closed

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10
Q

ventricular systole- valves

A

av closed

sl open

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11
Q

what is tissue fluid made of

A

blood plasma

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12
Q

why do arterioles have thicker muscle layers

A

controls movement into capillaries

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13
Q

other way for tissue fluid to return to the blood

A

lymph fluid

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14
Q

what changing shape does to bonds of substrate

A

distorts

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15
Q

light-dependent reaction (5)

A
  • chlorophyll absorbs light- it is photoionised
  • some energy from photoionisation is conserved in the production of atp and nadph
  • some atp is also produced from chemiosmosis, using energy from the electron transfer chain
  • h+ are pumped into the thylakoid and catalyse atp synthase by moving out
  • photolysis of water produces protons, electrons (which enter the etc) and oxygen
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16
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

myelin-containing cells that provide electrical insulation/general protection

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17
Q

where is myelin?

A

in the cell membranes of schwann cells

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18
Q

open at resting potential

A

k+ channels, net movement of na+ out of pump

overall negative inside positive outside (so it flips when action potentials arise)

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19
Q

when do na+ channels close?

A

when +40mv potential has been established

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20
Q

what causes hyper-polarisation?

A

outward transport of k+ through the channels that are able to close

21
Q

repolarisation

A

voltage-gated k+ channels shut, resting potential restored

22
Q

name for the node of ranvier thing

A

saltatory conduction

23
Q

greater axon diameter

A

increases speed of conductance due to less ion leakage

24
Q

types of summation

A

spatial- multiple neurones

temporal- high frequency of neurotransmitter release from one neurone

25
Q

3 purposes of the refractory period

A

one direction only
discrete impulses
limits number of action potentials

26
Q

action of an inhibitory synapse

A
  • neurotransmitter causes chloride ion channels to open
  • cl- move in, also triggers k+ channels to open, so they move out
  • membrane potential drops
  • this hyperpolarisation makes it less likely that an action potential will be triggered
27
Q

structures in the mitotic spindle

A

centrioles at the poles, fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes

28
Q

when do spindle fibres develop?

A

prophase

29
Q

at what point do the chromatids become known as chromosomes again?

A

anaphase

30
Q

what happens during binary fission after dna replication?

A

cell wall splits

31
Q

root tip cells

A

totipotent stem cells in meristem

32
Q

what do you do to the root tips in rp2?

A

add to hot acid to denature the enzymes involved in mitosis so cells stop dividing

33
Q

how to focus a microscope

A

coarse then fine knob

34
Q

what is done to dna before it is fingerprinted?

A

cut into fragments using restriction endonucleases

35
Q

how are fragments seen in elecrophoresis?

A

attached to dna probes

36
Q

how are dna fragments produced from rna?

A

mrna from cells that produce a lot of the protein converted to cdna using reverse transcriptase

37
Q

how gene machines make dna fragments

A

small, overlapping sequences of nucleotides assembled and replicated using pcr

38
Q

pros of pcr

A
  • fast

- doesn’t require living cell cultures

39
Q

pros of vectors

A
  • low risk of contamination due to the specific restriction endonucleases used
  • less mistakes- mutations are rarer than mistakes with pcr
40
Q

step in adding genes to a plasmid that allows it to be replicated

A

adding promoter and terminal regions to allow binding of rna polymerase

41
Q

what is required by the ribosomes during translation?

A

enzyme to catalyse the formation of the peptide bond, atp

42
Q

what are genome and proteome defined in terms of?

A

cells

43
Q

where is iaa produced?

A

tips of the root/shoot

44
Q

what does a kinesis change?

A

speed and direction of movement

45
Q

pathway for control of heart rate

A

receptor > medulla > nervous system > san

46
Q

word to describe heart muscle

A

myogenic

47
Q

movement of electrical impulse from avn

A

bundle of his > av septum > purkyne tissue bundles > impulse released

48
Q

benefits of reflexes

A
  • free up the brain for more complex processes
  • present from birth
  • helps avoid harmful stimuli

biology (12 decks)

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