Wnd Of Year Flashcards
The process of respiration releases energy in the form of
ATP
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration
Oxygen + Glucose —> water + carbon dioxide (+energy)
What is the balanced word equation for aerobic respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and plants
Glucose –> Lactic Acid
why do complex multicellular organisms require specialised breathing systems
As the size of an organism increases, its surface area to volume ratio decreases. This means it has relatively less surface area available for substances to diffuse through, so the rate of diffusion may not be fast enough to meet its cells requirements.
Large multicellular organisms therefore cannot rely on diffusion alone to supply their cells with substances such as food and oxygen and to remove waste products. Large multicellular organisms require specialised transport systems.
What is the structure of the thorax
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What is the mechanism of breathing in?
Diagram contracts
External intercostal muscles contract
Chest cavity increases
Chest cavity pressure decreases
Air moves from high to low pressure
Air moves from outside to inside our lungs
What is the mechanism of breathing out?
The internal intercostal muscles contract
the diagram relaxes
the chest cavity decreases
the pressure increases
air moves from high to low pressure
air moves from the lungs to outside
What is the difference in composition between inhaled and exhaled air.
Inhaled air has 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide
Exhaled air has 17% of oxygen and 4% of carbon dioxide
What are the sight of gas exchange
The alveoli
how are the alveoli are adapted to perform the function of gas exchange.
Alveoli have a very large surface area to enable more diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the alveoli, and more carbon dioxide out of the blood into the alveoli.
They are only one cell thick so that the diffusion distance is small.
They have lots of blood capillaries to ensure a good blood supply to maintain concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
They have moist surfaces for gases to dissolve in to form a solution to pass through the
cell membrane.
What is the effect of exercise on breathing rate?
The amount of breaths per minute increases and the volume of air per breath also increases
why does breathing rate changes with and after exercise.
Muscles need energy to contract. While exercising, the muscles need additional energy as:
the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced
the heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced
describe an experiment to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate.
Work out student A’s breathing rate at rest
Count their number breaths for 15 seconds and multiply by 4
Repeat several times to calculate an average
Student A should then exercise for a set time (at least 4 minutes)
Immediately after exercising, count the breaths taken in 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to obtain the breathing rate per minute
Compare the result to the breathing rate at rest in order to work out the change in breathing rate as a result of exercise
Repeat this last step every minute after exercise for 5 minutes
Repeat the process for student B
Finally, repeat the whole investigation for each student after a period of rest
What are the 7 components of a balanced diet.
carbs, protein, fat, fibre, vitamins, minerals and water
What are three examples of good sources of carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils) and proteins.
Carbohydrates : Bread, Potatoes, rice
Lipids : fish, olive oil, cheese
Proteins : meat, yogurt, eggs
describe the functions of carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils) and proteins in living organisms.
Carbohydrates : act as an energy source, control glucose and insulin production
Lipids: help move and store energy, absorbing vitamins, producing hormones
Protein : build and repair muscles and bones and to make hormones and enzymes
What are the chemical tests for glucose, starch, protein and lipid.
Glucose : Benedict’s (heat and should turn red)
Starch : Iodine (should turn orange to purple)
Protein : Biuret (should turn blue)
Lipids : emulsion test (add ethanol and dribble into water sample - should turn cloudy)
how do energy requirements vary with age, level of activity and pregnancy.
Children and adolescents need more energy for growth and development in comparison to adults. As individuals grow older, their energy requirements reduce as their body composition changes leading to a reduction in BMR. Many people also become less active as they get older.
An individual with an active job such as a personal trainer or a builder will require more energy than an individual with a more sedentary job such as a receptionist in an office.
Energy requirements for pregnant or lactating women need to increase slightly (for example, by 200
kilocalories per day during the last trimester of pregnancy) to support the growing foetus and to produce milk for their baby.
recall two sources of each of the following; vitamins A, C and D, minerals calcium and iron, water and dietary fibre.
Vitamin A : spinach, broccoli
Vitamin C : Oranges, tomatoes
Vitamin D : salmon, mushrooms
Calcium : milk, kale
Iron : lentils, beef
Water : cucumber, water
Dietary fibre : kiwis, flaxseeds
