WM 1- Devlopment Of Modern Medicines Flashcards
Why are alcohols polar molecules?
Because of O-H bond
Why does solubility of alcohols decrease as chain length increases?
Less efficient hydrogen bonding
Define primary alcohol
Alcohol in which OH is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to 0 or 1 other carbon
Define tertiary alcohol
Alcohol in which OH is bonded to carbon which is bonded to 3 others carbons
What oxidising agent is used to oxidise alcohols?
Acidified potassium dichromate
What happens to the dichromate ion when alcohols are oxidised?
Turn from orange to green chromate ions
What is the difference between ‘distillation’ and ‘heating under reflux’?
- in distillation, mixture is heated and products evaporate down horizontal condenser tube into flask
- in heating under reflux, products evaporate in vertical condenser tube, so condense and return to mixture
What is produced when primary alcohols are oxidised by distillation, and what is its structure?
- aldehydes
- carbonyl (C=O) is at end of chain
- general formula RCHO
What is produced when primary alcohols are heated under reflux and what is its structure?
- carboxylic acid
- carbon at end is attached to O and OH
- general formula RCOHO
What is produced when secondary alcohols are oxidised and what is their structure?
- ketones
- carbonyl group (C=O) is in middle of chain
- general formula RCOR
What is produced when tertiary alcohols are oxidised and what is their structure?
- do not oxidise, as C does not have a hydrogen atom to which OH is attached
Propan-1-al is an example of what?
Aldehyde
What does dehydration of alcohol involve?
Elimination of water from alcohol to form an alkene
What are the conditions required for dehydration of an alcohol?
- 300 degrees
- heated catalyst of Alumnia, Al2O3 OR conc sulfuric acid
What do substitution reactions with alcohols involve? And what are the conditions needed?
Nucleophilic substitution with halide ions
- presence of strong acid
