WLF 440 Flashcards
Who is considered the father of conservation biology?
Michael Soule
Why is reverend FO morris an important figure in the development of the discipline of Conservation biology?
recognized decline in shorebirds due to hunting and promoted an early conservation ethic
Which of the following was NOT a noted figure in the romantic-transandentle tradition?
John James Audobon
Which of the following is one of the normative postulates of conservation biology?
- Biological Diversity is good and should be preserved
- Untimely extinctions are bad
- Evolution and variation is good
- Ecological complexity should be maintained
- Biotic diversity has intrinsic value
Which of the following is definable as “ways in which we as human beings receive direct or indirect benefit from biological diversity. In theory, these could be quantified in an economic model
instrumental value
Which of kellerts values can be described as follows; definition; strong emotional attachment and love
Funtion; bonding, sharing, companionship
humanistic
Biocentrism ethic
our moral obligation extends beyond humans to include all living beings. This obligation is direct, not merely indirect obligation to the living beings via humans.
What type of sociological survey is required under the National Enviromental Policy Act? (NEPA)
Biodiversity valuation
What do you call a trait shared by related organisms and not observed outside the group?
clade
Attributes of biodiversity from the NOSS diagram
- Functional
- Structural
- Compositional
Kuznets curve
X=
Y=
X= Per capita income
Y= Enviromental Degredation
Bell curve: left enviro worsens, right improves
Which species definition is associated with the concepts of rewilding?
ecological species
What US law utilizes the concept of the “evolutionary significant unit’ ESU
endangered species act
From brooks paper, what does ‘EBA’ mean?
Endemic Bird Area
What is a tipui?
a sky island
The palouse prarie is a unique and critical category of habitat according to what global metric for prioritizing biodiversity conservation
Ecoregion
What does the shannan index tell us
annon diversity index to a value between 0 and 1. Note that lower values indicate more diversity while higher values indicate less diversity. Specifically, an index value of 1 means that all groups have the same frequency.
Species richness equation
umber of species found in a sample. … D = s √N where s equals the number of different species represented in your sample, and N equals the total number of individual organisms in your sample.
What defines a hot spot other than having 1500 plant species?
a region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original natural vegetation, usually due to human activity.
Three origins of conservation biology in history
- Indigenous nation
- easter island, people here used fire as an advantage - Expresssion of privlage
- game parks for hiking - Preservation of landscapes
- national parks and reserves
What is a crisis discipline?
threats are so fast moving that decisions are forced to to make decisions without data or enough info
Whats the issue with crisis disciplines?
Hard to justify decision to stakeholders.
decsions may be incorrect and irreversable
The 4 normative postulates
Biodiversity is good
evolution is good
complexity is good
biodiversity has intrinsic value
IUCN 3 categoires
critically endangered
endangered
vulnerable
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
NEPA (National Policy Act)
The first key piece of enviromental legislation. Signed under nixon admin. Reqires federal projects to be reviewed for environmental impacts
CatEx
Catagorical Exclusion
No significant impact therefore no further review
EA + FONSI
Enviromental Assessment. and Finding of NO Significant Impact
a concise list of activities and alternatives. Public can review.
DEIS, FEIS+ ROD
when it leads to significant enviromental impacts, must have a Draft and final Enviromental Impact Statement. Must show ways to mitigate or find alternatives. Record of Decision is part of the final
Weakness of NEPA
no public participation, just feedback
Decison does not have to be the least environmental impact
Magnuson- Stevens Fishery
promotes sustainable fish and marine resource
8 management councils
no fishing 200 miles off US coast
Marine Mammal Protection Act
concervvation for marine mammals
NOAA fisheries implemented
Migratory Birds Act
Illegal to kill or take migratory birds
Clean air and water act
rollbacks due to trump admin
ESA
Endangered species act.
Origiannly in 1966 5 million for habitat list of species from interior secretary
1972 strengthened and removed loopholes
ecosystem preservation federal offence
Snail Darter Case
a small fish in tenesee stopped a 78 million dollar hydropower project
Demonstrated the power of the act and not just for charismatic species or overruled my money
God Squad
comittee formed after snail darted case to possibly overrule ESA protection in instances of economic conflict
Vertebrates, invertebrates and plants
Vertebrates: listed at the distinct population level
Animals are protected on public and private land
Plants only on public or if permits are involved
Hybrids case by case
main 3 can be listed at species and subspecies level
Mann and Plummer
play god
Alpha DIversity
Diversity within one single site
Species Richness
total number of species not individuals
Dissimmilarity
1= completely different 0= identical
Phylogenetically unique
unique genetic lineage like playpus or coelacanth
Biologically sensitive species
mayflies, stoneflies etc utilized in EPT index
Flagship Species
Symbos for public awareness such as panda bear
Noss et al 3 categories
Structural, functional and compositional
4 levels of Noss paper
Genetic (center)
Population/species
community/ ecosystem
Landscape
Elrich Identity
relationship between popluation size, affluence and technological development
Impact = pop X affluence X technology
Noss Examples
Genetic: interbreeding/ depression
Pop/species: fertility, sex ratio
Community/ ecosystem: fire frequency and intensity
Landscape: soil nutrient cycling
Biological Species Concept
reporductively isolated from others because of interbreeding
Limitations of BSC
some species can interbreed (LIGER, ASS, Mexican wolves and coyotes)
some don’t breed sexually
Ecologicaly Species concept
species that inhabit the same place and perform the same niche
Limitations of the ESC
ignores patterns of evolution. niches and roles are hard to define because they may be more critical than thought
Synapomorphy
triai shared by a clade of related organisms and not observed outside that clade.
Unified Species Concept
trats species as segments of seperately evolving metapopulations
evolutionary significant unit
a population of organisms considered distinct for purposed of conservation
Value vs ethic
Value: general basis for estimating worth
Ethic: systematic organization of value
3 values
Instrumental, intrinsic and no use
Instrumental value
how humans recieve direct or indirect benefit from biological diversity
Intrinsic value
assign value to nature that has no human benefit
No use value
no consumption of natural resources
three of kellerts values
Aesthetic, humanistic, dominionistic
Aesthetic value
physical appeal and beauty of nature
inspiration, harmony and security
Humanistic
strong emotinal attatchment and love
bonding, sharing and companionship
Dominionistic
Mastery, physical control and dominance
mechanical skills, prowess subdue
Judeo Christian stweardship
Gods creation is good and we much protect it
Ecocentrism
the interconnected system has intrinsic value and we are a part of it. Aldo leopold
Biocentrism
all living things have inherent moral worth
underpinning of the animal rights movement
AFONSI
enviromental assesment
Cites
Convention on International trade in endangered species
CITES three categories
Appendix 1: no trade at all
Appendix 2: not limited, potential endangerment, non detrimental take permot
Appendix 3: protected in specific countries
Sociological surveys (2)
Cost benefit: asses costs and weigh against potential benefit
Willingness to pay: how much consumers would pay for a benefit to see how valuable it is
3 CATEGORIES OF RED LIST
critictally engandered, endangered and vulnerable
What is needed for it to be listed critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable
CE: >= 90% reduction in population size
E: >=70%
V:>=50%
all must need to know the cause of decline and how to mitigate. OVER 10 years or 3 Generations
Habitat Conservation program
private or coorperation on land as host a currently listed threatened or endangered species
Candidate conservation agreement
not yet listed species but is working to prevent its future listing.
Three of Brooks Biodivrsity Prioritaztion
CE: Crisis Ecoregion (reactive)
BH: Biodiversity hotspots (reactive top)
EBA: Endemic Bird area (both)
Crisis Ecoregion
threat to biodiversity plants and aniamls
Biodiversity hotspot
significant levels of biodiversity but threatened due to human habitation
Endemic Bird Area
areas where endemic birds are protected
