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PSYC2020 Quiz 3 > Wk9 Motor Control & Action > Flashcards

Wk9 Motor Control & Action Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

where the neuron connects to the muscles

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2
Q

What are two descending motor pathways?

A

Dorsolateral tracts and ventromedial tracts

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3
Q

Which descending motor pathways is ipsilateral (1) vs contralateral (1)?

A

ventromedial; Dorsolateral

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4
Q

Which dorsolateral tracts are indirect (1) and direct (1)?

A

Corticorubrospinal; Corticospinal

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5
Q

Where do direct & indirect dorsolateral tracts decussate?

A

indirect = after red nucleus (first) 
direct = medullary pyramids

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6
Q

Where do nerves for facial motor actions come from?

A

Corticorubrospinal tracts (indirect)

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7
Q

What would happen to motor pathways for a cortical lesion vs a lower brainstem lesion?

A

Some functions may be intact depending for lower level lesions (before nuclei)

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8
Q

What do dorsolateral tracts control?

A

Distal limb muscles: independent movement activities (reaching)

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9
Q

Which ventromedial tracts are indirect (1) and direct (1)?

A

Cortico-brainstem-spinal; Ventromedial corticospinal

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10
Q

what do ventromedial tracts control?

A

Posture, whole-body movements

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11
Q

Which movement tracts pass through the vestibular nucleus?

A

Cortico-brainstem-spinal ventromedial tracts. This is to coordinate movement such as walking/posture

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12
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A

Unsteady, wide-based gait

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13
Q

What functions is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Fine-tuning and learning motor movements; also important in environment navigation

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14
Q

What is intentional tremor?

A

Result of cerebellum damage; tremor at the end range of action closer to end-goal

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15
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Modulate movement;

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16
Q

What cognitive functions does the basal ganglia assist with?

A

habitual responses & implicit learning

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17
Q

Why are there direct and indirect pathways from the basal ganglia to thalamus?

A

Selection of actions; inhibition of actions

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18
Q

What are problems with basal ganglia pathways in Parkinson’s? (In terms of D receptors) what are the implications for the condition?

A

The balance of excitatory and inhibitory connections is thrown off; Movements can be insufficient, excessive, poorly controlled

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19
Q

What are positive symptoms of Parkinson’s? 3

A

Resting tremor
Rigidity or akinesia
Cognitive dysfunction, dementia, depression

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20
Q

What is cogwheel rigidity?

A

passive movement is not smooth

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21
Q

What types of Parkinson’s symptoms might manifest before tremors, and why?

A

Weightloss and lack of energy; loss of motor movement/control

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22
Q

Why do Parkinson’s patients experience a lot of falls?

A

Struggle to make corrective postural movements

23
Q

What are negative symptoms of Parkinson’s? 4

A

progressive slowing or freezing during movement
Reduced range/scale of movement (micrographia)
Hypophonia (dull voice without inflection)
Mask-like unemotional expression

24
Q

How could Parkinson’s lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness?

A

Theory of embodied affect (we understand people because we can express it ourselves)

25
Q

side effects of L-Dopa: What are on-off cycles? What are long term usage effects?

A

Individuals show particular behaviours on and off medications. Eventual drudge failure

26
Q

What are symptoms of Huntington’s disease? 4

A

Psychiatric/affective 
Restlessness
Poor dexterity 
Chorea (fragmented movements resembling voluntary actions)

27
Q

Can stress play a role in motor disorders?

A

Yes can increase symptoms

28
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Tourette’s?

A

Intermittent tics
Normal motor Tics
Normal cognition

29
Q

What neuropathology is implicated in Tourette’s?

A

imbalance of GABAergic activity in basal ganglia

30
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Weakness in a body part due to damage in primary motor cortex

31
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organised?

A

Homonculus

32
Q

What happens in the secondary motor cortex? What are its inputs?

A

Programming of specific patterns of movement; input from association cortex

33
Q

what is processed from inputs into association cortex? 3

A

Integrates knolwedge (position) of objects 
Knowledge of body part position
Directs attention

34
Q

What deficits occur from damage to association cortex input?

A

Ataxia

35
Q

Where does sensorimotor association cortex output to? 3

A

Dorsolateral association cortex
Secondary motor cortex 
frontal eye fields

36
Q

What deficit occurS from damage to outputs of sensorimotor association cortex?

A

Apraxia

37
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal area involved in?

A

Making a decision to perform action (not processing of target object or action itself)

38
Q

What is ataxia? Where is it more intense?

A

inability to use visual information to guide movement. More severe in periphery of visual field.

39
Q

How is ataxia shown in the lab?

A

Patient has deficit pointing to light array in front of them: reduced range.

40
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to make skilled movement

41
Q

What is intrinsic spatial coding and why do we need it?

A

Knowing what body parts are doing; vision can be obscured but we still need to know what limbs are doing.

42
Q

How do we know the superior parietal lobe is critical for sensorimotor integration and internal representation? (Case study)

A

Wolpert’s patient PJ had a cyst encroaching on the SPL. She couldn’t maintain representations and percieve right arm and leg to drift when unseen.

43
Q

What are affordances?

A

actions elicited by certain objects - can be appropriate and inappropriate (requiring inhibition)

44
Q

What are the basic components of a motor control system? (Wolpert, 2000)

A

States: 
- predicted, desired, or estimated actual

Predictor which translates movement to perception (efference copies) 

competing affordances

45
Q

Where do efference copies reside?

A

In association cortex

46
Q

What does the estimated actual state tell us?

A

Whether the action is on the right track to achieve its predicted state.

47
Q

How does the motor control model explain alien hand syndrome?

A

desired state doesn’t influence model, so irrelevant affordances are not suppressed by the intended actions. (No efference copy)

48
Q

Could we be the only ones with mirror neurons?

A

lower level primates can also imitate

49
Q

What is the ideomotor principle? Who didn’t like it?

A

Forming a mental representation of an action activates the same parts of the brain which perform it. Cattel & Horn moved psychology towards psychometric testing.

50
Q

What are 4 things we initially thought about mirror neurones (found from monkeys)?

A

They respond to: 
1. Sight of goal-directed actions 
2. Goal being achieved, even out of sight 
3. Sound of action (multimodal) 
4. Action performed by agent, not a tool

51
Q

What do we know now about mirror neurons?

A

Can be action (not just physical) goal.
Context and experience matters. 
Non-human models can elicit activation. 
Individual differences matter.

52
Q

How do ballet dancers help separate motor familiarity in action observation (mirror neurons), and show the effect of experience?

A

Males will only have motor-familiarity with male moves. Not just visual familiarity. The motor experience is key and must be meaningful through context/experience.

53
Q

How can we respond to robotic stimuli with mirror neurons? What does this show?

A

If we have experience with the stimuli then activation occurs. People may be able to integrate with robotic agents.

PSYC2020 Quiz 3 (5 decks)

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