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Pathophysiology And Pharmacology 2 - notre dame > Wk7 > Flashcards

Wk7 Flashcards

1
Q

components/make up of blood

A

o Plasma: 55% of the blood volume, watery liquid that contains dissolved substances
o Formed elements: 45% of blood volume, cells and cell fragments

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2
Q

bloods main function

A

o The transportation of oxygen, essential nutrients, hormones, enzymes and chemical to all cells
o Removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells
o The maintenance of homeostasis
o Protecting the body from invading micro=organisms and antigens i.e. immunity
o Regulation of electrolyte, water and acid-base balance
o Regulating body temperature

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3
Q

cellular components in blood

A

There are three main types of cell in blood
o Leukocytes: monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
o Erythrocytes: red blood cells
o Thrombocytes: platelets

The percentage of RBCs in the blood is referred to as the haematocrit

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4
Q

manufacture of blood cells

A

blood cells are manufactured in the red bone marrow of mature bones
- All blood cells are derived from the same pluripotent stem cell
- Develop into different types of stem cell
o Myeloid stem cells: RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
o Lymphoid stem cells: T and B lymphocytes

hormones that regulate production include
o Erythropoietin (kidneys)
o Thrombopoietin (liver)
o Cytokines

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5
Q

what are RBC

A 
erythrocytes
live 120 days
replace 2 million cells every second 
bind to O2
do not have the ability to repair, grow or reproduce
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6
Q

what are WBC

A

provide protection against micro-organisms and parasites

phagocytosis, cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response

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7
Q

cell mediated immunity

A
  • Linked to the role of T-cell
  • When in contact with an antigen the T-cell forms many other clones of itself
    o Helper T-cells: mediate response, release chemical messengers, attracted phagocytes
    o Killer T-cells: do the damage, cytolysis
    o Memory T-cells: remain for swifter attack next time antigen present
  • Phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages that ingest foreign cells and antigens
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8
Q

antibody mediated immunity

A

exposure of B-lymphocytes to an antigen

  • When in contact with an antigen, the B cells are stimulated to grow and divide
  • Form plasma cells and memory B cells
  • Plasma cells produce the antibodies at an astounding rate
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9
Q

what are thrombocytes function

A
  • Platelets are essential for haemostasis
  • form blood clots
  • Clump together to form a platelet plug and stimulate clotting cascade
  • Come from megakaryocytes that develop from myeloid stem cells
  • 5-9 days
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10
Q

what is thrombophilia

A
  • abnormality of blood coagulation

- Increases the risk of thrombosis

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11
Q

what is thrombosis

A
  • Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel
  • Obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system
  • Venous thrombosis leads to congestion of the affected part of the body
  • Arterial thrombosis affects the blood supply and leads to damage of the tissue supplied by that artery
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12
Q

what is a thromboembolism

A
  • piece of either an arterial or venous thrombus can break off as an embolus
  • travel through the circulation and lodge somewhere else as an embolism
  • DVT
  • VTE can lodge in lung as PE
  • arterial thromboembolism can lodge in heart as MI, brain as stroke
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13
Q

Risk factors of thrombosis

A

Virchows triad: factors contribute to thrombosis

Hypercoagulability: surgery, trauma, pregnancy, inflammation

hemodynamic changes: immobility, low heart rate, AF

endothelial injury/dysfunction: atherosclerosis, cellulitis

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14
Q

provoked and unprovoked DVT or PE

A

provoked: major risk factor, trauma
unprovoked: no identifiable risk factors, cancer

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15
Q

what is factor 5 leiden

A

variant (mutated form) of human factor 5
o Causes and increase in blood clotting
- Anticoagulant protein secreted normally inhibits the pro-clotting activity of factor 5
- Not able to bind normally to factor 5 leading to a hypercoagulable state

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16
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A
  • Decrease in the number of circulating platelets
    usual cause is disease of bone marrow
    Tx: Corticosteroids slow the spleen’s destruction of old platelets, increasing their life span; platelet transfusions, Prevent/control bleeding
17
Q

what are some clotting factor deficiencies

A
  • Vitamin K deficiency- needed for liver to produce active clotting facots
  • Haemophilia- primarily hereditary; reduction in clotting: factor 8 or 9
18
Q

what is neoplasm

A
  • Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia, the abnormal proliferation of cells
  • usually causes a lump or tumour
  • They can be benign, malignant or premalignant
19
Q

what is a benign neoplasm

A
  • Lacks all three of the malignant properties of cancer
    i.e. They do not
    o Grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner
    o Invade surrounding tissue
    o Spread to non-adjacent tissues
20
Q

What is malignant

A

o Uncontrolled growth
o Invasion- intrusion and destruction of adjacent tissues
o Metastasis- spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood

21
Q

what is an oncogene

A

Mutant genes that in their non-mutant state direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

22
Q

what is a tumour suppressor gene

A

Encoded proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation

23
Q

describe cancer staging

A

Assigned a number from 1-4 to a cancer
• 1: isolated cancer
• 4: cancer which has spread to multiple sites

24
Q

Abbreviations of cancer staging

A 
o T: Primary tumour, the number equals size of tumour and its local extent. The number can vary according to site
o T0: Breast free of tumour
o T1: Lesion less than 2cm in size
o T2: Lesion 2-5cm in size
o T3: Skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion
o N: Lymph node involvement, a higher numer means more nodes are involved
o N0: No axillary nodes are involved
o N1: Mobile nodes are involved
o N2: Fixed nodes involved
o M: Extend of distant metastases
o M0: No metastases
o M1: Demonstrable metastases
o M2: Suspected metastases
25
Q

Cancer screening

A

o Breast cancer screening: self-examination, mammograms
o Colorectal cancer: faecal occult blood testing, colonoscopy
o Cervical cytology: testing

26
Q

what is leukemia

A

-A group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system and spleen

27
Q

what is lymphoma

A

Malignant tumour involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system

hodgkin: single nodes,

non-hodgkin: multiple nodes

28
Q

what is multiple myeloma

A

Malignant plasma calls (activated B cells) infiltrate bone marrow and destroy bone

29
Q

what is neutropenia

A
  • Decrease in neutrophils (innate immunity)
  • Severe neutropenia= agranulocytosis
  • Usual signs of infection may be absent as neutrophils are absent
30
Q

nursing interventions for neutropenia

A 
determine cause
antibiotics
hand washing
positive pressure rooms
visitor restrictions and screening
IV line
monitor closely for sepsis and infection
31
Q

what is HIV/AIDS

A
  • Human immunodeficiency virus
  • Profound immunosuppression with opportunistic infections, malignancies, wasting and central nervous system degeneration

• CD4 helper T cells- regulate the immune system
• CD8 cytotoxic T cells- destroy body cells infected with virus, cancer
o HIV enters and uses the CD4 T helper cells to replicate
o Replication kills the CD4 T cell and releases further viruses

32
Q

HIV 3 phases

A

primary infection phase

latency phase: Few signs or symptoms, lasts a long time

Overt AIDS phase

33
Q

Tx for HIV

A

o Medication- anti-retroviral drugs- aims to reduce the amount of HIV in the body
o Vaccines and drugs to treat opportunistic infections
o Chemotherapy to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

34
Q

what is anaemia and some nursing interventions

A

different types and causes, RBC level too low
o Easily fatigues- encourage patient to alternate activity periods with rest
o Limit visitors
o Plan ADLs, provide assistance when required
o Nutritional requirements
o education

35
Q

what is polycythaemia

A
  • Too many red blood cells
  • Proliferative disease, or increased level or erythropoietin
  • Hypertension, headache, inability to concentrate
  • Increased risk of thromboembolism- increased blood viscosity
  • Haemorrhage also occurs
36
Q

normal WBC count

A

4-12

Pathophysiology And Pharmacology 2 - notre dame (8 decks)

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