WK6- Respiratory System

Question 1

Define: Ventilation.

Answer 1

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs; also known as breathing.

Question 2

Define: Alveolar Gas Exchange

Answer 2

The exchange of gases at the alveoli, i.e. O2 moving from the high pressure environment of the alveoli and into the low pressure environment of the blood, and vice versa for CO2

Question 3

Define: Circulatory Transport

Answer 3

the transport of respiratory gases in the blood between the lungs to the cells of the body

Question 4

Define: Systemic Gas Exchange

Answer 4

the movement of gases from the blood into the cells of the body

Question 5

Define: Tidal Volume

Answer 5

the amount of gas moved per breath

Question 6

What is vital capacity ?

Answer 6

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inspiration.

Question 7

What is inspiratory capacity ?

Answer 7

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration

Question 8

What is functional residual capacity ?

Answer 8

amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration.

Question 9

What is total lung capacity ?

Answer 9

max amount of air in the lungs at the end of an inspiration

Question 10

What is expiratory reserve volume ?

Answer 10

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with max effort

Question 11

What is inspiratory reserve volume ?

Answer 11

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that van be inhaled with max effort.

Question 12

What is residual volume ?

Answer 12

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; amount of air that can be voluntarily exhaled

Question 13

What is forced expiratory reserve volume 1 (FEV1) ?

Answer 13

volume of gas expired in 1 second during a forced maximal effort expiration from a full inspiration.

Question 14

How do respiratory muscles adapt and fatigue during exercise ?

Answer 14

Respiratory muscles adapt similarly to locomotor muscles in that they can acquire more endurance and oxidative capacity, however they only fatigue during prolonged and heavy exercise.

Question 15

What is exercise induced asthma ?

Answer 15

exercise caused bronchioconstriciton resulting in dyspnea

Question 16

What is COPD and can exercise help this condition ?

Answer 16

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, as a result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema which results in constricted airways resulting in dyspnea especially during exercise. Exercise training has been shown to improve quality of life of patients that suffer from COPD.

Question 17

What is the ventilation perfusion relationship and how is it impacted by moderate and vigorous exercise ?

Answer 17

The ventilation perfusion ratio (V/Q) states that there should be around a 1:1 match of ventilation to blood flow ratio. Blood must move to transport material ventilated. Moderate exercise will improve the V/Q relationship, whereas heavy exercise may result in a small V/Q .

Question 18

Distinguish hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin.

Answer 18

hemoglobin: is the protein that is responsible for binding O2 on each RBC
oxy-: binding of O2 to hemoglobin
deoxy-: hemoglobin that is not bound to O2.

Question 19

What are the effects of pH, temperature, and 2-3 DPG on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve ?

Answer 19

pH: decreased pH leads to increased unloading of O2 to tissues
Temp: higher temperatures resulting in more O2 being unloaded to tissues
2-3 DPG ( a by product of RBC glycolysis ) - DPG binding to RBC’s decreases binding affinity which off loads O2 to tissues.

Question 20

What is the role of myoglobin ?

Answer 20

Myoglobin shuttles O2 from the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria.

Question 21

How is excess H+ removed from the blood ?

Answer 21

H+ can be modulated by carbonate ion which turns into carbonic anhydrase and then can be expelled as CO2 and water.

Question 22

What happens to the ventilatory system during rest to work, prolonged exercise in hot environments, incremental exercise ?

Answer 22

rest to work: increase in pulmonary ventilation, followed by a slow rise to a steady state
hot environment: PCO2 is relatively unchanged, ventilation tends to drift upwards
incremental exercise: ventilation increases as intensity increases.

Question 23

Name some of the different receptors that provide input to the respiratory control center.

Answer 23

Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata: sense changes in pH of CSF, respond to increases in CO2
Carotid Body ( Chemoreceptor ): sensitive to decreases in O2 and increases in PCO2 and declines in pH
Aortic Body (chemoreceptor ):sense changes in pH and PCO2

Question 24

How does ventilatory response change in due to exercise ?

Answer 24

ventilatory response is reduced upon training, likely due to the change in aerobic capacity of locomotor skeletal muscles, this adaptation results in less H+ ion being produced and less afferent feedback from working muscles to stimulate breathing.