Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VETS1032 > WK3 (small molecules) > Flashcards

WK3 (small molecules) Flashcards

1
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can monosaccharides have a ketone group

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds is

A

Unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lactic acid can arise from a dysfunction to what kind of metabolism?

A

Sugar metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 5 properties of water

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. High heat of vaporisation
  3. Wide range between freezing and boiling point
  4. Solubilising ability
  5. Ionising ability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amphipathic compounds

A

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic e.g. long chain fatty acid salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do hydrophobic molecules dissolve in water?

A

No

E.g. Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ionisation products of water

A

H+ & OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases H+ when dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Base

A

Substance that releases OH+ when dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Water contributes what percentage of adult body weight ?

A

55-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosaccharides can contain either…..

A

Aldehyde group or Ketone group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In sugars: the hydroxyl group on the carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone can rapidly change from one position to another. What are these two positions called?

A

Alpha (below) & beta (above)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by…

A

covalent glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

2-10 monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Up to thousands of monomers

E.g. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of disorders caused by sugar metabolism dysfunction

A

Hypoglycaemia
Lactic acidosis
Ketosis
Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which part of fatty acid is hydrophilic?

A

Carboxylic acid group (head)

  • Behaves as an acid
  • Becomes reactive and hydrophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amino acids all have….

A 
Carboxylic acid group (-COOH) 
Amino group (-NH2) 
R group (distinguishes one amino acid from another)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Optical isomer

A

Isomers that are mirror images of one another
(D & L forms)
- Proteins use L forms almost exclusively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do amino acids exist as optical isomers?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do hydrophobic forces help proteins fold up?

A

Polar and non-polar side chains of different amino acids cause proteins to fold so that hydrophobic core region contains non-polar side chains and hydrogen bonds can form to polar side chains on the outside of the molecule.

(hydrophilic side chains on the outside, hydrophobic side chains on the inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Cannot be synthesised within cells of the animal and must be present in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Amino acid deficiency is bad because...
Protein will not be synthesised if an amino acid is limiting
26
Amino acid antagonism is bad because...
Surplus of one amino acid can affect incorporation of another
27
What are the four groups amino acids are spilt into based on their side chain?
- Acidic (have second carboxylic group, net negative charge at pH 7.0 - acid=proton donor) - Basic (have net positive charge at pH 7.0 - Base=Proton acceptor) - Uncharged Polar - Nonpolar
28
Are nucleotides short-term carriers of ATP?
Yes
29
Pyrimidines are.....
6 membered ring include: - Cytosine - Thymine (DNA only) - Uracil (RNA only)
30
Purines are....
5 membered ring + 6 membered ring, include: - Guanine - Adenine
31
Which base is bigger, Cytosine or Guanine?
Guanine
32
Are pyrimidine or purine bases bigger?
Purine
33
Second law of thermodynamics
The total amount of free energy in the universe is declining and therefore the degree of disorder will spontaneously increase i.e. tendency for things to become disordered Energy is needed to maintain order. If cells don't have energy input - spontaneous chemical reactions - cellular disorder Work done within cells will result in liberation of energy as heat
34
First law of thermodynamics
Total energy in the universe is constant Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is instead interconverted between different forms
35
Entropy
Measure of relative disorder in a system
36
Free energy
Energy that can do work at constant temperature and pressure E.g. energy in covalent bonds High energy in electrons in molecules
37
Potential energy in the molecules is denoted by what symbol?
G
38
True or false? | ADP G > ATP G
False
39
True of false? | ADP is less complex than ATP
True
40
Energetically favourable reactions are those that...
Cause a decrease in free energy | - only reactions with a negative change in free energy will occur spontaneously
41
Are oxidation reactions energetically favourable?
Yes
42
Energetically unfavourable reactions can only occur when....
coupled to a second energetically favourable reaction
43
Enzyme catalyse reactions by...
Lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed
44
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
45
Reduction
Addition of electrons
46
What is the most stable form of carbon?
CO2
47
What is the most stable form of Hydrogen?
H2O
48
Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen atoms
49
What type of reaction results in a decreased number of C-H bonds?
Oxidation reaction
50
Acetyl Coa transfers energy within chemical bonds by...
exchanging an acetyl group
51
Where does protein synthesis occur?
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
52
Where does Carbohydrate synthesis occur?
Cytoplasmic matrix
53
Where does lipid synthesis occur?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
54
Where does DNA synthesis occur?
Nucleus
55
Where does activation of carrier molecules occur?
Mitochondria
56
In biosynthesis, the activation step involves....
Hydrolysis of ATP to form a high energy intermediate
57
In biosynthesis, the activation step involves...
High energy intermediate reacts directly with molecule to which its is to be added (energetically unfavourable)
58
Head polymerisation
Reactive bond is carried by the growing polymer (proteins and lipids)
59
Tail polymerisation
Reactive bond is carried by the monomer (DNA, RNA, polysaccharides)
60
Why do cells need energy?
Laws of thermodynamics
61
Why do chemical reactions occur?
free energy
62
Tail polymerisation is a term used to describe the biosynthesis of macromolecule when the reactive bond used to facilitate the polymerisation is carried by the monomer. This term can be used to describe: a) The synthesis of proteins from amino acids b) The synthesis of lipids from fatty acids c) the synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides d) none of the above
c)

VETS1032 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions