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VETS1032 > WK3 (small molecules) > Flashcards

WK3 (small molecules) Flashcards

1
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

Can monosaccharides have a ketone group

A

Yes

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3
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds is

A

Unsaturated

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5
Q

Lactic acid can arise from a dysfunction to what kind of metabolism?

A

Sugar metabolism

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6
Q

Name 5 properties of water

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. High heat of vaporisation
  3. Wide range between freezing and boiling point
  4. Solubilising ability
  5. Ionising ability
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7
Q

Amphipathic compounds

A

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic e.g. long chain fatty acid salt

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8
Q

Do hydrophobic molecules dissolve in water?

A

No

E.g. Lipids

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9
Q

Ionisation products of water

A

H+ & OH-

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10
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases H+ when dissolved

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11
Q

Base

A

Substance that releases OH+ when dissolved

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12
Q

Water contributes what percentage of adult body weight ?

A

55-60%

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13
Q

Monosaccharides can contain either…..

A

Aldehyde group or Ketone group

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14
Q

In sugars: the hydroxyl group on the carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone can rapidly change from one position to another. What are these two positions called?

A

Alpha (below) & beta (above)

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15
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by…

A

covalent glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

2-10 monomers

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17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Up to thousands of monomers

E.g. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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18
Q

Examples of disorders caused by sugar metabolism dysfunction

A

Hypoglycaemia
Lactic acidosis
Ketosis
Diabetes

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19
Q

Which part of fatty acid is hydrophilic?

A

Carboxylic acid group (head)

  • Behaves as an acid
  • Becomes reactive and hydrophilic
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20
Q

Amino acids all have….

A 
Carboxylic acid group (-COOH) 
Amino group (-NH2) 
R group (distinguishes one amino acid from another)
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21
Q

Optical isomer

A

Isomers that are mirror images of one another
(D & L forms)
- Proteins use L forms almost exclusively

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22
Q

Do amino acids exist as optical isomers?

A

Yes

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23
Q

How do hydrophobic forces help proteins fold up?

A

Polar and non-polar side chains of different amino acids cause proteins to fold so that hydrophobic core region contains non-polar side chains and hydrogen bonds can form to polar side chains on the outside of the molecule.

(hydrophilic side chains on the outside, hydrophobic side chains on the inside)

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24
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Cannot be synthesised within cells of the animal and must be present in the diet

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25
Q

Amino acid deficiency is bad because…

A

Protein will not be synthesised if an amino acid is limiting

26
Q

Amino acid antagonism is bad because…

A

Surplus of one amino acid can affect incorporation of another

27
Q

What are the four groups amino acids are spilt into based on their side chain?

A
  • Acidic (have second carboxylic group, net negative charge at pH 7.0 - acid=proton donor)
  • Basic (have net positive charge at pH 7.0 - Base=Proton acceptor)
  • Uncharged Polar
  • Nonpolar
28
Q

Are nucleotides short-term carriers of ATP?

A

Yes

29
Q

Pyrimidines are…..

A

6 membered ring include:

  • Cytosine
  • Thymine (DNA only)
  • Uracil (RNA only)
30
Q

Purines are….

A

5 membered ring + 6 membered ring, include:

  • Guanine
  • Adenine
31
Q

Which base is bigger, Cytosine or Guanine?

A

Guanine

32
Q

Are pyrimidine or purine bases bigger?

A

Purine

33
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

The total amount of free energy in the universe is declining and therefore the degree of disorder will spontaneously increase

i.e. tendency for things to become disordered

Energy is needed to maintain order. If cells don’t have energy input - spontaneous chemical reactions - cellular disorder

Work done within cells will result in liberation of energy as heat

34
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Total energy in the universe is constant

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is instead interconverted between different forms

35
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of relative disorder in a system

36
Q

Free energy

A

Energy that can do work at constant temperature and pressure
E.g. energy in covalent bonds
High energy in electrons in molecules

37
Q

Potential energy in the molecules is denoted by what symbol?

A

G

38
Q

True or false?

ADP G > ATP G

A

False

39
Q

True of false?

ADP is less complex than ATP

A

True

40
Q

Energetically favourable reactions are those that…

A

Cause a decrease in free energy

- only reactions with a negative change in free energy will occur spontaneously

41
Q

Are oxidation reactions energetically favourable?

A

Yes

42
Q

Energetically unfavourable reactions can only occur when….

A

coupled to a second energetically favourable reaction

43
Q

Enzyme catalyse reactions by…

A

Lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed

44
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

45
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of electrons

46
Q

What is the most stable form of carbon?

A

CO2

47
Q

What is the most stable form of Hydrogen?

A

H2O

48
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen atoms

49
Q

What type of reaction results in a decreased number of C-H bonds?

A

Oxidation reaction

50
Q

Acetyl Coa transfers energy within chemical bonds by…

A

exchanging an acetyl group

51
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Where does Carbohydrate synthesis occur?

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

53
Q

Where does lipid synthesis occur?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

Where does DNA synthesis occur?

A

Nucleus

55
Q

Where does activation of carrier molecules occur?

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

In biosynthesis, the activation step involves….

A

Hydrolysis of ATP to form a high energy intermediate

57
Q

In biosynthesis, the activation step involves…

A

High energy intermediate reacts directly with molecule to which its is to be added (energetically unfavourable)

58
Q

Head polymerisation

A

Reactive bond is carried by the growing polymer (proteins and lipids)

59
Q

Tail polymerisation

A

Reactive bond is carried by the monomer (DNA, RNA, polysaccharides)

60
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

Laws of thermodynamics

61
Q

Why do chemical reactions occur?

A

free energy

62
Q

Tail polymerisation is a term used to describe the biosynthesis of macromolecule when the reactive bond used to facilitate the polymerisation is carried by the monomer. This term can be used to describe:
a) The synthesis of proteins from amino acids

b) The synthesis of lipids from fatty acids
c) the synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides
d) none of the above

A

c)

VETS1032 (11 decks)

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