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VETS1032 > WK 4 (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

WK 4 (Macromolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes most of the dry mass in cells?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

How are amino acids linked to form a protein? (what kind of bond)

A

Covalent peptide bond

The covalent bond between the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom of amino group of another amino acid
- Water is released

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3
Q

Can rotation occur between amino acids?

A

Yes, covalent peptide bonds may allow rotation between amino acids (depending on the amino acids e.g. proline)

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4
Q

Can non covalent bonds form between atoms in polypeptide backbone and side chains?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Types of non-covalent bonds?

A

ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals attractions

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6
Q

Do bonds significantly affect the three dimensional structure of proteins?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Do hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces affect the structure of proteins?

A

yes, folding arrangement is affected

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8
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids that make ups a polypeptide chain

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9
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The secondary structure is the way a polypeptide folds in a repeating arrangement to form α-helices and β-pleated sheets.
This folding is a result of hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent amino acids
Secondary structure provides the polypeptide chain with a level of mechanical stability (due to the presence of hydrogen bonds)

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10
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The tertiary structure is the way the polypeptide chain coils and turns to form a complex molecular shape (i.e. the 3D shape)
It is caused by interactions between R groups; including H-bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions

Relative amino acid positions are important (e.g. non-polar amino acids usually avoid exposure to aqueous solutions)

Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the protein (e.g. specificity of active site in enzymes)

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11
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Structure formed by more than one polypeptide

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12
Q

Why is a proteins final conformation consistent?

A

It is guided by chaperone proteins

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13
Q

Ribosomal subunits are an example of what level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary structure

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14
Q

True or False

Different parts of proteins can fold differently

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Protein domains

A

Any part of a polypeptide chain that can fold independently into a compact stable structure

Usually contains between 50-350 amino acids

Different domains are often assigned to different functions

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16
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Arranged in long chains or sheets

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17
Q

Globular proteins

A

Tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes

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18
Q

Ligand

A

the molecule to which a protein binds

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19
Q

Is protein binding an irreversible process?

A

No, overtime proteins and ligands will dissociate

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20
Q

The biological activity of proteins is only possible because of:
a) the number of disulphide bodies present

b) The repeatability of their tertiary structure
c) the glycosylation of proteins
d) none of the above

A

b)

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21
Q

Function of triacylglycerols

A

Stores of chemical energy

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22
Q

Most abundant lipid in cells

A

Triglycerides

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23
Q

Ester

A

Compound formed between an acid and alcohol reaction

24
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Through an ester linkage to glycerol to form triglycerides

25
Q

Are lipids usually found in membranes?

A

No

26
Q

Lipid that contains 3x same fatty acid

A

Simple triacylglycerols

27
Q

Lipid that contains 2 or more different fatty acids

A

Mixed triacylglycerols

28
Q

What type of reactions will triacylglycerols undergo?

A

Autoxidation (oxygen will double bonds) in unsaturated fatty acids to form rancid fats

29
Q

What to adipocytes store?

A

Triacylglycerols (found in skin, mammary gland, abdomen)

30
Q

What yields more energy carbohydrates of triacylglycerols?

A

Triacylglycerols yield 2x more energy than carbohydrates

31
Q

What type of lipid is a phopholipid?

A

Polar lipid

32
Q

What type of lipid is a sphingolipid?

A

Polar lipid

33
Q

Micelles are formed by?

A

Polar lipids

34
Q

Monolayers are formed by?

A

Polar lipids

35
Q

Bilayers are formed by?

A

Polar lipids

36
Q

Most abundant form of steroids is?

A

Sterol

E.g. cholesterol

37
Q

What is the precursor to all steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

Fat soluble molecules which have 4 fused rings

A

Steroids

39
Q

Testosterone is a…

A

Steroid

40
Q

Lipoproteins contain

A

Polar lipids
Triacylglycerols
Sterols

41
Q

What is on the surface of a lipoprotein?

A

Hydrophilic polypeptide chains and polar lipids

42
Q

What is on the inside of a lipoprotein?

A

Hydrophobic polypeptide chains
Triacylglycerols
Sterols

43
Q

True or false

Lipoproteins are a method of transporting water insoluble lipids around the body

A

True

44
Q

What are the four classes of lipoproteins in blood plasma?

A

Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
High density lipoproteins (HDL)

45
Q

Where are waxes secreted from?

A

Skin glands

46
Q

Glycogen is abundant in what location?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

47
Q

Mucopolysaccharides

A

Glycoproteins where carbohydrate % is much higher than the protein component

48
Q

Heparin

A

Inhibitor of blood clotting

Abundant in arterial blood vessels

49
Q

High Glycaemic Index range

A

70 or more

50
Q

Mucopolysaccharides are:

a) Glycoproteins that contain a greater % of carbohydrate
than protein.

b) Glycoproteins that contain a greater % of protein than
carbohydrate.

c) An important form of glucose storage
d) Found only in synovial fluid.

A

a)

51
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

52
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

53
Q

How are polynucleotide chains formed?

A

by the interlocking of the phosphate and sugar components of the nucleotides (sugar-phosphate backbone)

54
Q

How dies each DNA strand maintain polarity?

A

The subunits of the sugar-phosphate backbone align in the same orientation

55
Q

Why does DNA form a double helix?

A

The sugar-phosphate group is hydrophilic and the bases
are hydrophobic.
Hence, the formation of a double helix structure with the sugar -phosphate backbone on the exterior of the molecule and the bases in the centre of the molecule.

56
Q

Is RNA single stranded or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

VETS1032 (11 decks)

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