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CC2 > WK14: Toxicology > Flashcards

WK14: Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxic effect of agents whose intent is to treat, ameliorate, modify, or prevent disease states or the effects of drugs which at one time were intended to be used as such

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

“Father of Toxicology”

A

Paracelus

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3
Q

True or False:

Substances w/ toxic properties can cause harm only it occurs in high concentrations

A

True

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4
Q

Man-made chemicals; Produced via chemical synthesis

A

Synthetic

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5
Q

Mimics the effects of THC

A

Synthetic cannabinoids

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6
Q

Sweet worm wood, Anti-malarial treatment

A

Artemisinin

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7
Q

From the inner bark of Taxus species

A

Paclitaxel

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8
Q

Biological source of Camptothecin

A

Camptotheca

acuminata

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9
Q

The study of the adverse effects of chemical agents on

biological systems

A

Toxicology

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10
Q

Study how a chemical causes toxic effects by investigating its absorption, distribution, and excretion

A

Mechanistic Toxicologists

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11
Q

Focuses on toxicity testing of chemicals, agents of toxicity
usually on animals and then they correlate it to human
conditions.

A

Descriptive toxicologists

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12
Q

Usually are physicians or veterinarians interested in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning cases

A

Clinical toxicologists

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13
Q

They use chemical analysis to determine the cause and

circumstances of death in a postmortem investigation

A

Forensic toxicologists

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14
Q

Study effects of pollutants on organisms, populations, ecosystems, and the biosphere

A

Environmental toxicologists

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15
Q

Use scientific data to decide how to protect humans and animals from excessive risk

A

Regulatory toxicologists

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16
Q

Remedy for counteracting poison

A

antidotes

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17
Q

Universal antidote is composed of

A

2 parts of activated charcoal
1 part Magnesium oxide
1 part Tannic acid

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18
Q

3 types

A

Chemical
Mechanical
Physiologic

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19
Q

Capable of binding to toxic ions to form complex structures which can be easily excreted thru the body; removing them from intra/extracellular spaces

A

Chelators

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20
Q

substances that cause harm to organisms when sufficient quantities are absorbed or inhaled or ingested

A

poison

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21
Q

Converts Hgb into Methemoglobin in order to bind Cyanide

A

NaNO2 Sodium nitrite

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22
Q

counteracts the effects of the poison by producing opposite physiologic effects

A

physiologic

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23
Q

From Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulinum toxin

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24
Q

Toxic substances that are produced naturally

A

Toxin

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25
Q

poisonous or deadly effects on the body

A

Toxic

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26
Q

Any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; a poison

A

Toxicants

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27
Q

degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury

A

Toxicity

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28
Q

Ability of a toxic substance to cause effects for more than 1 year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism.

A

Sub-chronic toxicity

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29
Q

Arithmetic mean of the contaminant conc. over the period of exposure

A

Exposure Concentration

30
Q

Is a chemical substance, physical agent, or biological agent that can harm the health of the people

A

Hazard

31
Q

True or False:
Injury depends on property of chemical + nature of exposure + health
and developmental state of the person

A

True

32
Q

Occurs during drug therapy but it does not have causal

relationship with the drug

A

Adverse drug event

33
Q

Directly related to the drug

A

Adverse drug reaction

34
Q

Bizarre effects - allergy, anaphylaxis

A

Type B

35
Q

Dose and Time related reaction

A

Type C

36
Q

Undesired effects after stopping the medication

A

Type E

37
Q

True or False:

ingestions account for 75% of exposures

A

False (79%)

38
Q

Mechanisms of toxicity (7)

A
  1. Interfere with O2 transport or tissue utilization of oxygen
  2. Affect CNS
  3. Affect ANS
  4. Affect lungs
  5. Affect cardiovascular system
  6. Direct local damage
  7. Delayed effects on liver or kidneys
39
Q

The chemicals which may cause deprivation of oxygen in the CNS

A

Simple asphyxiants

40
Q

Minimum “acceptable” concentration

A

18%

41
Q

Dizziness, buzzing noise, rapid pulse, headache, blurred vision

A

15%

42
Q

Normal level of oxygen

A

95-100%

43
Q

Chemical asphyxiants

A

Hydrogen cyanide

Carbon monoxide

44
Q

Causes reversible inflammatory effect on tissue by chemical

reaction at the site of contact

A

Irritant

45
Q

Irreversible damage

A

Corrosive

46
Q

Analgesia or pain relief and narcosis/sleep

A

narcotic

47
Q

Chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people/animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical

A

Sensitizers

48
Q

may cause sensitization by inhalation

A

R42

49
Q

Substances that may cause significant harm or even

death to an individual even if very small amounts enter the body

A

very toxic

50
Q

May cause serious and prolong health effects on short or long term exposure

A

harmful

51
Q

natural carcinogen

A

aflatoxin

52
Q

Cause genetic damage by changing the structure of the

hereditary material or DNA

A

Mutagens

53
Q

Harm the unborn child

A

teratogens

54
Q

They grow slowly and do not spread

A

Benign tumors

55
Q

Grow rapidly and spreads out throughout the body

A

Malignant tumors

56
Q

do not require any metabolic activation or molecular modification in order to induce DNA damage

A

direct acting carcinogens

57
Q

Agents - skin

A

Arsenic
Coal tar and pitch
Solar radiation

58
Q

Cancer spreads to a different body part from where it

started

A

metastasis

59
Q

Substances known to be carcinogenic in humans

A

Category 1

60
Q

Evidence of cancer from animal studies

A

Category 2

61
Q

R40:

Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect

A

Category 3

62
Q

Mixed exposures interactions

A

Additive
Antagonistic
Synergistic
Potentiation

63
Q

No interaction at the biological target site

A

Independent

64
Q

The combined effect is equal to the individual sum of the effects

A

Additive

65
Q

Ethanol and Carbon tetrachloride

A

Synergistic

66
Q

Substance increases the effect of a hazardous substance

A

Potentiation

67
Q

Substance reduces effect of another substance

A

Antagonistic

68
Q

True or False:

Median lethal dose kills 65% of a tests of a population

A

False (50%)

69
Q

50-500 mg/kg

A

Highly toxic

70
Q

5-15 g/kg

A

Slightly toxic

71
Q

acute ocular toxicity test

A

Draize test

72
Q

Reverse mutagen test

A

Ames test

CC2 (3 decks)

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