WK14: Toxicology

Question 1

Toxic effect of agents whose intent is to treat, ameliorate, modify, or prevent disease states or the effects of drugs which at one time were intended to be used as such

Answer 1

Toxicology

Question 2

“Father of Toxicology”

Answer 2

Paracelus

Question 3

True or False:

Substances w/ toxic properties can cause harm only it occurs in high concentrations

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Man-made chemicals; Produced via chemical synthesis

Answer 4

Synthetic

Question 5

Mimics the effects of THC

Answer 5

Synthetic cannabinoids

Question 6

Sweet worm wood, Anti-malarial treatment

Answer 6

Artemisinin

Question 7

From the inner bark of Taxus species

Answer 7

Paclitaxel

Question 8

Biological source of Camptothecin

Answer 8

Camptotheca

acuminata

Question 9

The study of the adverse effects of chemical agents on

biological systems

Answer 9

Toxicology

Question 10

Study how a chemical causes toxic effects by investigating its absorption, distribution, and excretion

Answer 10

Mechanistic Toxicologists

Question 11

Focuses on toxicity testing of chemicals, agents of toxicity
usually on animals and then they correlate it to human
conditions.

Answer 11

Descriptive toxicologists

Question 12

Usually are physicians or veterinarians interested in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning cases

Answer 12

Clinical toxicologists

Question 13

They use chemical analysis to determine the cause and

circumstances of death in a postmortem investigation

Answer 13

Forensic toxicologists

Question 14

Study effects of pollutants on organisms, populations, ecosystems, and the biosphere

Answer 14

Environmental toxicologists

Question 15

Use scientific data to decide how to protect humans and animals from excessive risk

Answer 15

Regulatory toxicologists

Question 16

Remedy for counteracting poison

Answer 16

antidotes

Question 17

Universal antidote is composed of

Answer 17

2 parts of activated charcoal
1 part Magnesium oxide
1 part Tannic acid

Question 18

3 types

Answer 18

Chemical
Mechanical
Physiologic

Question 19

Capable of binding to toxic ions to form complex structures which can be easily excreted thru the body; removing them from intra/extracellular spaces

Answer 19

Chelators

Question 20

substances that cause harm to organisms when sufficient quantities are absorbed or inhaled or ingested

Answer 20

poison

Question 21

Converts Hgb into Methemoglobin in order to bind Cyanide

Answer 21

NaNO2 Sodium nitrite

Question 22

counteracts the effects of the poison by producing opposite physiologic effects

Answer 22

physiologic

Question 23

From Clostridium botulinum

Answer 23

Botulinum toxin

Question 24

Toxic substances that are produced naturally

Answer 24

Toxin

Question 25

poisonous or deadly effects on the body

Answer 25

Toxic

Question 26

Any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; a poison

Answer 26

Toxicants

Question 27

degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury

Answer 27

Toxicity

Question 28

Ability of a toxic substance to cause effects for more than 1 year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism.

Answer 28

Sub-chronic toxicity

Question 29

Arithmetic mean of the contaminant conc. over the period of exposure

Answer 29

Exposure Concentration

Question 30

Is a chemical substance, physical agent, or biological agent that can harm the health of the people

Answer 30

Hazard

Question 31

True or False: Injury depends on property of chemical + nature of exposure + health and developmental state of the person

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Occurs during drug therapy but it does not have causal | relationship with the drug

Answer 32

Adverse drug event

Question 33

Directly related to the drug

Answer 33

Adverse drug reaction

Question 34

Bizarre effects - allergy, anaphylaxis

Answer 34

Type B

Question 35

Dose and Time related reaction

Answer 35

Type C

Question 36

Undesired effects after stopping the medication

Answer 36

Type E

Question 37

True or False: | ingestions account for 75% of exposures

Answer 37

False (79%)

Question 38

Mechanisms of toxicity (7)

Answer 38

1. Interfere with O2 transport or tissue utilization of oxygen 2. Affect CNS 3. Affect ANS 4. Affect lungs 5. Affect cardiovascular system 6. Direct local damage 7. Delayed effects on liver or kidneys

Question 39

The chemicals which may cause deprivation of oxygen in the CNS

Answer 39

Simple asphyxiants

Question 40

Minimum “acceptable” concentration

Answer 40

18%

Question 41

Dizziness, buzzing noise, rapid pulse, headache, blurred vision

Answer 41

15%

Question 42

Normal level of oxygen

Answer 42

95-100%

Question 43

Chemical asphyxiants

Answer 43

Hydrogen cyanide | Carbon monoxide

Question 44

Causes reversible inflammatory effect on tissue by chemical | reaction at the site of contact

Answer 44

Irritant

Question 45

Irreversible damage

Answer 45

Corrosive

Question 46

Analgesia or pain relief and narcosis/sleep

Answer 46

narcotic

Question 47

Chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people/animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical

Answer 47

Sensitizers

Question 48

may cause sensitization by inhalation

Answer 48

R42

Question 49

Substances that may cause significant harm or even | death to an individual even if very small amounts enter the body

Answer 49

very toxic

Question 50

May cause serious and prolong health effects on short or long term exposure

Answer 50

harmful

Question 51

natural carcinogen

Answer 51

aflatoxin

Question 52

Cause genetic damage by changing the structure of the | hereditary material or DNA

Answer 52

Mutagens

Question 53

Harm the unborn child

Answer 53

teratogens

Question 54

They grow slowly and do not spread

Answer 54

Benign tumors

Question 55

Grow rapidly and spreads out throughout the body

Answer 55

Malignant tumors

Question 56

do not require any metabolic activation or molecular modification in order to induce DNA damage

Answer 56

direct acting carcinogens

Question 57

Agents - skin

Answer 57

Arsenic Coal tar and pitch Solar radiation

Question 58

Cancer spreads to a different body part from where it | started

Answer 58

metastasis

Question 59

Substances known to be carcinogenic in humans

Answer 59

Category 1

Question 60

Evidence of cancer from animal studies

Answer 60

Category 2

Question 61

R40: | Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect

Answer 61

Category 3

Question 62

Mixed exposures interactions

Answer 62

Additive Antagonistic Synergistic Potentiation

Question 63

No interaction at the biological target site

Answer 63

Independent

Question 64

The combined effect is equal to the individual sum of the effects

Answer 64

Additive

Question 65

Ethanol and Carbon tetrachloride

Answer 65

Synergistic

Question 66

Substance increases the effect of a hazardous substance

Answer 66

Potentiation

Question 67

Substance reduces effect of another substance

Answer 67

Antagonistic

Question 68

True or False: | Median lethal dose kills 65% of a tests of a population

Answer 68

False (50%)

Question 69

50-500 mg/kg

Answer 69

Highly toxic

Question 70

5-15 g/kg

Answer 70

Slightly toxic

Question 71

acute ocular toxicity test

Answer 71

Draize test

Question 72

Reverse mutagen test

Answer 72

Ames test