WK1: Chapter 1 Botany: An Introduction Flashcards
Referring to any process that can occur without oxygen, or to the metabolism of an organism that can live without oxygen; strict anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen, (pg 5)
anaerobic
An organism that cannot manufacture organic compounds and so must feed on organic materials that originated in other plants and animals. See also autotroph, (pg 4)
heterotroph
The outermost layer of cells of the leaf and young stems and roots; primary in origin, (pg 7)
epidermis
A cell lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organlles; Bacteria and Archaea, (pg 5)
prokaryote
The derivation of progressively better-adapted forms of life from simple ancestors; Darwin proposed that natural selection is the principal mechanism by which evolution takes place, (pg 3)
evolution
A secondary tissue produced by a cork cambium; made up of polygonal cells, nonliving at maturity, with suberized cell walls that are resistant to the passage of gases and water vapor; the outer part of the periderm. Also called phellem, (pg 7)
cork
An intracellular process in which molecules, particularly pyruvate entering the citric acid cycle, are oxidized with the release of energy. The complete breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water is termed aerobic respiration, although the first steps of the process are anaerobic. Also called cellular respiration, (pg 5)
respiration
The study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment and with one other, (pg 10)
ecology
The principal lateral appendage of the stem; highly variable in both structure and function; the foliage leaf is specialized as a photosynthetic organ, (pg 7)
leaf
The meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant, (pg 7)
apical meristem
The ground substance of plastids, (pg 3)
stroma
pl. stomata [Gk. stoma, mouth] A minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus: the guard cells plus their included pore, (pg 7)
stoma
An organism that is able to synthesize the nutritive substances it requires from inorganic substances in its environment. See also heterotroph, (pg 4)
autotroph
A complex of terrestrial communities of very wide extent, characterized by its climate and soil; the largest ecological unit, (pg 8)
biome
The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth that is occupied by organisms, (pg 4)
biosphere
[L. per, through, + annuus, year] A plant in which the vegetative structures live year after year, (pg 7)
perennial
The part of the axis of vascular plants that is above ground, as well as anatomically similar portions below ground, such as rhizomes or corms, (pg 7)
stem
The usually descending axis of a plant, normally below ground, which serves to anchor the plant and to absorb and conduct water and minerals into it, (pg 7)
root
The study of cell structure and function, (pg 10)
cytology
[Gk. palaios, old] The study of fossil plants, (pg 10)
paleobotony
[L. annulus, year] A plant whose life cycle is completed in a single growing season, (pg 10)
annual
Waxy or fatty layer on the outer wall of epidermal cells, formed of cutin and wax, (pg 10)
cuticle
A cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus, membrane-bounded organelles, and chromosomes in which the DNA is associated with proteins; an organism composed of such cells. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are the four groups of eukaryotes, (pg 5)
eukaryote
Requiring free oxygen, (pg 5)
aerobic
The manipulation of genetic material for practical purposes. Also called recombinant DNA technology, (pg 10)
genetic engineering
Study of the internal structure of organisms; morphology is the study of their external structure, (pg 10)
anatomy
[Gk. phloos, bark] The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants; composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclereids, (pg 7)
phloem
[Gk. merizein, to divide] Embryonic tissue regions, primarily concerned with formation of new cells, (pg 7)
meristem
In plants, growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots, in contrast to secondary growth, (pg 7)
primary growth
A plant that has xylem and phloem. Also called a tracheophyte, (pg 7)
vascular plant
Meristems that give rise to secondary tissue; the vascular cambium and cork cambium, (pg 7)
lateral meristems
The study of the activities and processes of living organisms, (pg 10)
physiology
Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the relationships between them, (pg 10)
systematics
A structure formed by maturation of the ovule of seed plants following fertilization, (pg 7)
seed
All the vascular tissues in their specific arrangement in a plant or plant organ, (pg 7)
vascular system
A unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a protein, tRNA, or rRNA molecule, or regulates the transcription of such a sequence, (pg 10)
gene
[Gk. morph, form, + logos, discourse] The study of form and its development, (pg 10)
morphology
[Gk. xylon, wood] A complex vascular tissue through which most of the water and minerals of a plant are conducted; characterized by the presence of tracheary elements, (pg 7)
xylem
A major interacting system that involves both living organisms and their physical environment, (pg 9)
ecosystem
[Gk. sperma, seed, + phyton, plant] A seed plant, (pg 7)
spermatophyte
[Gk. taxis, arrangement, + nomos, law] The science of the classification of organisms, (pg 10)
taxonomy
An organism whose genome contains DNA, from the same or a different species, that has been modified by the methods of genetic engineering, (pg 10)
transgenic organism
Age of the earth
4.6 billion years old
What happened 3.8-3.9 billion years ago
A lethal meteor bombardment causing violent storms, lightning and molten lava stirring things up
Earliest known fossils are how old, what are they called and where are they from
3.5 billion years old, prokaryotes from Western Australia
Botany is from the Greek word Botanē meaning what?
Plant, derived from boskien (to feed)
