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PSYC207 > WK 6 Test > Flashcards

WK 6 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is stage models?

A

Learning happens in stages. Also states that an activity will have similar qualities within stages but vary greatly across stages. An example of this is Piaget’s cognitive development theory.

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2
Q

True or False?

Incremental models state that development will gradually increase over time.

A

True!

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3
Q

What are 3 components of personality according to Freud?

A

The ID, impulse, and selfish
Ego, Rational aspect of self
Super ego, Internalised moral standards of self.

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4
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages

Freud

A 
Oral; Putting things in mouth
Anal; Toilet training 
Phallic; 
Latency; Sexual calm
Genital; Start of mature sexual relationships
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5
Q

What are the three main learning theories?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theories.

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

Pavlov

A

Learning happens due to association between stimuli and response, e.g making a bell sound and giving a dog food. Eventually they will salivate at the sound of the bell.

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7
Q

What is operant conditioning?

Skinner

A

This is reward/punishment learning, stimuli is added or taken away to further increase/decrease a tendency of a behaviour.

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8
Q

What is social learning theories?

Bandura

A

This is the idea that people will copy and learn through observation, very important in children development.

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9
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

Sensorimotor (Birth-2yrs)
Preoperational (2-7yrs)
Concrete operational (7-12yrs)
Formal operational (12-adulthood)

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10
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal development?

A

This is the difference between what someone can learn with guidance from a more knowledgeable other, and what they can learn on their own.

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11
Q

What is a More Knowledgeable Other?

A

Someone who has a better understanding of a topic that you are learning, this would be someone who can teach you within the subject e.g parent with talking.

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12
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal life?

A

Germinal (0-2 weeks)
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
Foetal (week 9-birth)

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13
Q

What are gametes?

A

This is the reproductive cells that contain half of all other cells genetic material, through meiosis.
E.g sperm, or for females eggs.

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14
Q

What is a zygote?

A

This is where the gametes from each parent meet to form a fertilised egg, the chromosomes pair together and then mitosis (Cell division) starts to occur to develop into a baby.

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15
Q

What happens during the Germinal stage?

A

This is the conception of the baby, the gametes will meet and a zygote will form, after this the cells start mitosis and divide to start forming a baby.

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16
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

These are molecules of DNA that contain the instructions to make proteins. The instructions are organised into genes, basic unit for transmitting heredity.

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17
Q

What are genes?

A

They are what make people similar but also different, half chromosomes from each parents, a gene is what trait will be expressed within a person.

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18
Q

True or false? Development is only affected by genes.

A

False, DNA and the environment is vital to the development of a child.

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19
Q

What are the two primary forces that affect development?

A

Environment

Heredity (genes)

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20
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Biological mechanisims that switch on and off genes, this is usually affected by the environment

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21
Q

What is coaction?

A

Interaction between genes and the environment.

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22
Q

What is genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype: genetic makeup that is inherited.
Phenotype: traits which are expressed.

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23
Q

What are the three main ways in which environment and genes work together?

A

Passive; genes and environment which they are raised.

Evocative; heritable behaviour is evoking an environmental response.

Active; genotype influences behaviour to seek a specific environment. E.g introvert seeking secluded environment.

24
Q

What happens during the Embryonic stage of prenatal development?

A

The zygote is implanted within the uterine wall. This is when cell division starts to form cell differentiation, major organs begin to form, the heart will begin to beat and blood will start circulating.

25
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system.

It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem. This is how the brain is connected through nerves to the peripheral nervous system. This is how we have messages sent from out body to our brain.

26
Q

Details of neurodevelopment;

A

Begins shortly after conception.
3wk neural plate is formed turns to neural tube 4wk.
4th month prenatal brains basic structures are formed.
Neural development continues postnatally.

27
Q

What is neural induction and what happens during this time?

A

The process where cells in the ectoderm transform into the specialized tissue which forms the neural plate, this then forms into the neural tube, which finally forms the spinal cord.

28
Q

What is proliferation?

A

It is formation of new neutrons from the neural stem cells, problems during this stage cause microcephaly and megalochephaly.

29
Q

What happens during the foetal stage of prenatal development?

A

Embryo has exponential growth, organs and skeletal systems are becoming more refined, and sex organs are starting to develop. The brain is starting to show structures similar to that of a developed brain. The baby will start to be able to react to stimulus within the womb.

30
Q

What are some risks in prenatal development?

A

Nutrition, Emotions of the parents/household.
Age of parents, other social factors.
Ethnicity in terms of social living and societal factors than influence ethnicity.

31
Q

What is foetal programming?

A

The environment around the mother may have an influence on how a baby develops.

32
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any substance that may cause abnormality following foetal exposure, the extent of the damage will be due to the length of exposure and what stage of development the substance is introduced.

33
Q

How to babies make sense of the world postnatally?

A

Through their senses, vision, audition, taste and smell, and touch.

34
Q

True or False?

Vision is immature at birth but after 6 months it is roughly as good as an adults

A

True!!

35
Q

True or False?

Humans have bad hearing at birth

A

False, it is just as developed as an adults.

36
Q

True or False?

Taste and smell are affected by prenatal life

A

True!

37
Q

True or False?

Infants are able to reach and grab right away

A

False! They only have a few reflexes can only grasp if something is put into their palm.

38
Q

During postnatal life does the brain continue to develop?

A

Yes, there is exponential growth within synapses, this is influenced by a stimulating environment.

39
Q

True or False?

The left hemisphere of the brain is focused more on rational logic based functioning than the right.

A

True! Each hemisphere will focus more on different aspects with the right more focused on arts and creativity.

40
Q

True or False?

The CNS has great plasticity during childhood.

A

True!

41
Q

What is adolescence?

A

It is the transitioning period from childhood to adulthood, this usually co-aligns with puberty, and can be stressful for many people.

42
Q

What is puberty?

A

Sexual maturity starts to take place, while also hormone changes are also prevalent.
Physical growth will also be a defining factor for adolescence within this time.

43
Q

True or False?

During adolescence the brain will show massive growth.

A

False, size will not increase much but refinement of pruning and myelination will be prevalent.

44
Q

What is object permanence? And when does it occur?

A

It is the understanding that when you cannot see an object it is still there and exists, babies start to develop this by 8 months by 18mo they should have a full understanding

45
Q

What happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

The world is experienced through senses developing schema and actions become intentional, object permanence is understood.

46
Q

What happens during the preoperational stage in cognitive development?

A

The use of symbols is emerging, a child will also be able to plan recall past experiences and even execute multi step behaviours. (Only sees self perspective)

47
Q

What happens during the concrete operational stage in cognitive development?

A

Begin to think logically, but will still find thinking abstractly difficult. Reverse ability, increased perspective taking (see others perspective)

48
Q

What happens during the formal operation stage of cognitive development?

A

Emergence of abstract thought and systematic thinking, this will happen gradually. An increase in verbal problem solving ability. And metacognition (thinking about thoughts itself)

49
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time.

50
Q

What are cohorts?

A

A group of people who are born in a similar point in time, sharing similar experiences as a result.

51
Q

What is a sequential study?

A

This is using both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies together, compare different age groups together (Longitudinal) and observe each age group (Cross-sectional).

52
Q

What is a schema?

A

Organised thought to categorise stimuli, eg use a schema to identify a table or couch and how they are different.

53
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point in which a nervous impulse transfers from on neutron to another (the space between neurone)

54
Q

What are potential outcomes for a baby who was birthed by a mother under 15yrs?

A

low-birth weight is a common abnormality.

55
Q

What percentage of genes do fraternal twins share?

A

50% on average

56
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.

57
Q

What is Myelination?

A

the insulation of the electric pathway within the axon, this continues when a person learns more.

PSYC207 (2 decks)

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