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PSYC207 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

It is the allocation of limited processing recourses toward an important stimuli

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2
Q

True or false?

Attention is opposite to a confused and dazed scatter brain state of mind

A

True!

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3
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for attention?

A

The parietal lobes controls attention.

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4
Q

What is executive control?

A

It is utilised in situations involving planning and decision-making.

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5
Q

What part of the brain is in control of executive control?

A

Prefrontal cortex.

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6
Q

True or false?

Long-term memory is thought to have unlimited storage

A

True!

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7
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Implicit and;

Explicit

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8
Q

What is habituation?

A

The process of decreasing in the response to a stimuli after repeated exposure to said stimuli.

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9
Q

What is preferential looking?

A

It is choosing to look at one stimuli instead of another, usually between two novel stimuli which are very similar.

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10
Q

True or false?

Complex and colourful stimuli are more interesting to infants

A

True!

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11
Q

True or False?

Children do not make sense of the world through senses.

A

False, understanding the world comes from the use and assimilation of senses.

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12
Q

What are core aspects of vision in early sensation?

A

Visual cortex is immature but develops rapidly.

6mo babies have vision similar to an adult.

Initially appear to look at areas of greatest contrast.

Can distinguish faces.

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13
Q

What are the core aspects of taste and smell in early sensation?

A

Prenatal life has shown links to influence taste and smell preference in infancy.

Newborns prefer the smell of their own mother and mothers milk, they can also turn toward a breast which is lactating.

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14
Q

True or False?

Like vision in early infancy audition is not fully developed.

A

False, audition is well developed.

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15
Q

How is auditory processing tested?

A

The orienting test, sounds are played from different directions and an infant will orient themselves toward the sounds.

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16
Q

What did Hubel and Wiesel discover with vision?

A

Showed that if a kitten deprived of normal visual experience at the start of its life, the circuitry of the neutrons in its visual cortex will be irreversibly altered.

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17
Q

True or False?

Socially advantaged kids have worse attention

A

False! It is shown that socially advantaged kids are better at resisting interference.

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18
Q

When does the shift of attention to one of cognitive control take place?

A

Roughly around 6 or 7 years old. This allows children to focus more thoroughly on specific features of a task.

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19
Q

True or False?
Infants are ‘captured’ by stimuli while children are ‘directed’ towards something
(Attention)

A

True!

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20
Q

True or False?

Attention and memory are completely separate.

A

False! Without attention you are unable to encode information.

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21
Q

What happens to memory by age 2?

A

Memories are less cue dependant, and events can be recalled for months.

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22
Q

True or False?

6mo old children can recall events for up to 24 hrs

A

True!

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23
Q

What are the four major hypotheses for improvements in learning and memory during childhood?

A

Changes in basic capacities
Changes in memory strategies
Increased knowledge about memory
Increased knowledge about the world

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24
Q

True or False?

Children increase their use of rehearsal and mater organisation later in childhood

A

True!

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25
Q

What are the four conclusions about development of learning and memory?

A

Older children are faster information processors

Older children use more effective memory strategies

Older children know more about memory

Older children know more in general thus helping learning and memory.

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26
Q

What is intelligence?

A

There is no universal definition, (Piaget) thinking or behaviour is adaptive.

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27
Q

True or False?

Intelligence is fixed

A

False, it is changeable and subject to influences such as stimulating environments.

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28
Q

Does genetics have an influence on intelligence?

A

Yes it does, there are links showing that people with higher IQ parents are likely to have a high IQ.

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29
Q

What is Gardners (1983) view on intelligence?

A

Gardner has a view of multiple intelligences; these categories are

Language
Logic
Musical
Spatial
Bodily
Interpersonal
Intersperse also
Nature
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30
Q

True or False?

According to multiple intelligence, people have different levels of each category of intelligence.

A

True!!

31
Q

What is creativity?

A

It is the ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context and valued by others.

32
Q

What is the alternative uses test?

Creativity test

A

It tests how many different uses one can find for on item.

It tests fluency, originality, flexibility, and elaboration.

33
Q

What is standardisation? (Testing)

A

The process of giving one test to a group of people and everyone needing to meet the same criteria.

34
Q

What is a developmental quotient?

A

An overall developmental score, which combines sub scored on (Moto, language, adaptive, and personal-social) domains all added together to give an overall development score.

35
Q

True or False?

Development quotients predict later IQ’s

A

False.

36
Q

What is an example of a predictor of IQ

A

Information-processing abilities.

37
Q

True or False?

Environment that a child finds themselves in can influence their IQ

A

True!

38
Q

True or False?

There is relatively strong relationship of stability of IQ as children age

A

True! There is a strong relationship between IQ scored obtained at ages, 6, 8, and 9 and IQ scored obtained at 10.

39
Q

What is an aptitude test trying to measure?

A

How you learn, and how well you can learn new tasks and skills.

40
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance, gender roles, sexuality, and racial identity.

41
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

How one views their own worth in relation to their self-concept and compared to others

42
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

The belief in ones own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

43
Q

What is trait theory?

A

The theory that personality is related to traits. Behavioural differences are due to these different traits and personalities. This can be used to subgroup people.

44
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Focuses on the environmental influences on personality, and states that personality changes over the lifespan due to these environmental changes.

45
Q

What is the difference between sex, and gender?

A

Sex is the biology of the reproductive organs in the body. Gender is a social construction of norms associated with masculinity and femininity.

46
Q

What is sexuality?

A

It is the capacity for sexual thoughts and feelings, as well as what people are sexually attracted to.

47
Q

What self understanding do babies have?

A

The develop a implicit understanding of self, self recognition is thought to take place within a year and a half of birth. They also have a categorical (What is similar to me) sense of self in infancy.

48
Q

True or False?

Before 18 months old a baby will not understand a mirror and that they are seeing themselves.

A

True!

49
Q

What is the sexual self in relation to infancy?

A

It is the infants understanding of their own body, the discovery of the sex organs and how their body moves.

50
Q

What is temperament?

A

Biological differences that are relatively invariant over time and across situations. It is the tendency to respond in predictable ways.

51
Q

True or False?

Temperament is not stable throughout life

A

False, it has been found to be stable e.g a child who is easy to warm up to someone will likely be similar as an adult.

52
Q

What understanding of self does a preschooler have?

A

They have concrete understanding, self-esteem/concept is high during this time, they understand physical characteristics and possessions.

53
Q

True or False?

There are potential differences in self-esteem due to gender and other identifying factors

A

True! How someone perceives themselves is highly related to their self-esteem and how they compare themselves to others.

54
Q

True or False?

Social learning does not have an effects on gender norms and child identity

A

False, identity and gender norms are all influenced by how society is constructed and how children learn from their parents.

55
Q

What is Marcias four statuses toward mature identity?

A

Identity diffusion
Moratorium
Identity foreclosure
Identity achievement

56
Q

What understanding of self do adolescence have?

A

Their thoughts around self are more abstract, with less physical identifications of the self, start becoming more aware and understanding self as an individual and questioning the self.

57
Q

True or False?

Adolescence is a time where people close away and do not explore themselves and do not try to find their own identity

A

False, this is a time of exploration and indemnity seeking, once a identity is found people are a lot more comfortable in themselves and this can impact how decisions are made as an adult.

58
Q

What are somethings that a positive ethnic identity would include?

A

Preparation to live in culturally diverse society.

Able to deal with prejudice.

59
Q

Positive ethnic identity can also;

A

Protect from damaging effects of discrimination

Promote achievement and adjustment

Reduce depression symptoms

60
Q

What is social cognition?

A

It is any cognitive process that involves other people - the factors in relation to cognitive performance relaying interactions with others.

61
Q

What is ToM (theory of mind)?

A

Understanding that people have mental states and that these states guide their behaviours.

Complex meta cognitive understandings of our own minds as well as the minds of others.

62
Q

What is emerging adulthood? (Arnett)

A

It is a new stage thought of by Arnett it captures ages between 18-25, hallmarks of this stage

Identity explorations
Instability
Self-focused age
Lots of possibilities

63
Q

What is perspective taking?

A

It is the ability to adopt another perspective, it is essential for considering moral issues, empathy.

64
Q

What is antisocial behaviour?

A

It includes behaviours such as aggression, lying, cheating, stealing, intention to harm or injure another or disregard for the consequences.

65
Q

True or False?

Aggression is an useful for survival

A

True! It is also linked to anger and frustration

66
Q

What are some contributing factors of antisocial behaviour?

A

Variations in the stress-regulating systems

Structural brain functional abnormalities

Interplay of child’s temperament and family relations, cultural factors, and community

67
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

It is the attachment to a parent or caregiver to serve the purpose of survival and keeping the infant safe emotionally and physically.

68
Q

True or False? Attachments are automatic, and a responsive social environment is irrelevant.

A

False, attachments do not form automatically, and a responsive social environment is critical.

69
Q

A 2 year old loves cupcakes, and her mum loves brownies and hates cupcakes, what would the 2 year old give to the mum?

A

The 2 year old is likely to give the cupcakes to the mum.

70
Q

What are some important early signs of TOM (theory of mind)

A

Imitation
Joint attention
Pretend play
Attentive parents

71
Q

What can help improve ones perspective taking?

A

If parents are good models, this can help make children more desirable companions.

72
Q

What is pro social behaviour?

A

Positive behaviour which is helpful to others and promotes friendship

73
Q

What is development?

A

It is the change and continuities in an individual across the lifespan.

Physical
Cognitive
Psychosocial

74
Q

What is moratorium?

A

A period of experimenting with different roles, this is common during adolescents.

PSYC207 (2 decks)

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