wk 6 quiz revision Flashcards
who discovered classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov (ie. pavlov’s dogs)
Who discovered learning via association?
John Watson (Little Albert study)
What 3 things is BF Skinner most well known for? (3 S’s)
skinner box (schedules of reinforcement), pigeon ping pong (shaping) & superstition
Neobehaviourism
neo-behaviorists (watson, thorndike & pavlov) believe in the importance of studying learning using objective observational methods
cognitive behaviourism (CBT)
Tolman: whatever people do and whatever they think- emotions, thoughts, behaviour & body sensations are linked to each other and affects how they feel
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura: internal events influence behaviour, environment and internal processes & reciprocally influence each other
Method of Introspection
Wundt: an objective analytic process that involves training people to self-reflect so that, when presented with external stimuli, they can explain their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and sensations
Empirical study of memory
Ebbinghaus: memory curve, forgetting occurs at a rapid rate soon after learning
information processing approach to cognition (computer brain)
neurons fire (1) or don’t fire (0) like binomial code, the brain is like hardware and the mind is software
generalisation
similar stimuli may also produce CR (eg. little albert CS is white rabbits but he also has CR to santa’s white beard)
discrimination
discrimination of generalised stimuli (learning which CS is best associated with US)
stages of classical conditioning
1 habituation (US alone) 2 acquisition (US & CS paired repeatedly) 3 extinction (CS alone repeatedly) 4 recovery (CS reintroduced & CR returns)
blocking
dog is repeatedly exposed to a CS1 (tone), together with US (food), CR occurs (salivation) (CS1) and a light (CS2) with US are paired, then dog does not CR to (CS2) separately. CS1 blocked CS2
superconditioning
when learning association between (CS) and (US) is facilitated by pairing CS with US in presence of previously established conditioned inhibitor
Rescorla-Wagner model
(surprise increases rate of learning) increasing the intensity or duration of the shock US during Stage II of a blocking experiment should abolish blocking
shaping
Through the process of successive approximation, behaviors that are closer and closer to a target behavior are progressively rewarded with positive reinforcement
primary, secondary & generalised reinforcement
innate response (food & salivation) CR (bell makes me drool) & generalisation (white fluffy rabbits and santa’s beard)
most effective schedule of reinforcement
variable ratio (think gambling)
operant conditioning
uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior; behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated & behaviour that is punished is less likely to occur.
continuous schedule
quick learning, quick extinction
premack principle uses what reinforcement
positive reinforcement
drive reduction theory
if homeostasis is disrupted (unpleasant state) then drive (motivation to reduce unpleasantness) occurs. negative reinforcement (taking away unpleasant stimuli)
components of classical conditioning
US & UR (food & salivation) NS/CS (whistle) CS+US=CR
learned helplessness
repeated exposure to punishment results in inhibited learning & surrendering to punishment
