wk 6- antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

principles of antibacterial action

A

-target cells that are living and reproducing within the human body

-target strcutures that are unique to bacterial cells and NOT human cells (selective toxicity)

-move to site of infection

-destroy pathogenic microorgnisms

-eliminated from body without affecting structure or function of human cells

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2
Q

bacterial antibiotic targets

A
  1. cell wall synthesis inhibitors
    -human cells dont have a cell wall
  2. protein synthesis inhibitors
    bacteria have different ribosome subunits than human cells
  3. inhibitors of DNA synthesis
    bacteria have circular DNA not in a nucleus
  4. inhibition of folic acid synthesis
    bacteria need folic acid to produce proteins for growth
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3
Q

antibacterials that podiatrist can prescribe- to make recommendations understand what you can use

A

cephalosporin
lincosamides
macrolides
nitroimidazoles
penicillins
quinolones
tetracylines

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4
Q

goal of AMT

A

kill or inhibit growth of pathogens using selective toxicity to allow host defence system to remove it

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5
Q

difference between structure of bacterial cells and human cells

A

human cell:
-cell membrane
-ribosomes have 80S type with 60S and 40S subunits
-linear DNA
-membrane bound organelles

bacterial cell:
-no nucleus/nuclear membrane
-ribosomes have 70S type with 50S/30S subunits
-circular DNA
-no membrane bound organelles
-cell wall

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6
Q

cell wall synthesis inhibitors drug classes

A
  1. beta-lactams: penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenems and monobactems
  2. glycopeptides: vacomycin
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7
Q

mechanism of action of penicillin and examples

A

bactericidal time dependent killing
-interfere with cell wall sythesis by binding to PBPs

amoxicillin w/wo clav acid

penicillin G, V (IV only)- narrow spectrum

flucoloxacillin- narrow spectrum penicillinase resistan
t
phenoxymethylpenicillin

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8
Q

adverse effects, precautions and contraindications of common classes of antibacterials

A
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9
Q

what does taking clavulanic acid with penicillins do

A

protect the antibacterials from inactivation by microbes that produce b lactamases

clav acid is a b lactamase inhibitor

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10
Q

renal impairment - amoxicillin

A

high IV injection doses or prolonged treatment may result in eletrolyte disturbances due to sodium content

resullting in neurotoxicity, neutropenia

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11
Q

for renal impairment what can you do for dose of amoxicillin

A

decrease dose or increase interval

reduce dose if clearance is less than 10mL/minute- amoxicillin

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12
Q

is amoxicillin safe in pregnancy and breast feeding?

A

preg- safe
BF- safe, dose just after breastfeeding and watch for changes in GIT

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13
Q

adverse effects of common antibiotics

A
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14
Q

adverse effects of penicilin

A

nausea
diarrhoea
rash
superinfection with prolonged treatment of broad spectrum penicillins

rare:
-neurotoxicity
-neutopenia
-cholestatic hepatitis

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15
Q

MOA for cephalosporin

A

bactericidal
time dependent killing

examples
cefalexin
carbepenems

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16
Q

adverse effects of cephalosporin

A

D, N, V
headache, dizziness
superinfection - long duration
clostridium difficle

17
Q

inhibitiors of bacterial protein synethesis

A
  1. tetracyclines- doxycycline
    2.macrolides- roxithromycin, erythromycin
  2. lincosamides- clindamycin
  3. aminoglycosides- gentamicin
18
Q

tetracyclines

A

bacteristatic
inhibit bacterial protein sythensis by reversibly binding to 30S subunit ribosome

19
Q

adverse effects of tetracyclines

A

N,V,D
oesphagitis (doxycycline)
dizziness, headache (minocycline)
tooth discolouration
photosensitivity

pigmentation changes of skin, mouth, bones, teeth, nails, eyes (minocycline)

rare:
superinfection

20
Q

macrolides

A

bacteriostatic
bactericidal - in higher concentrations

inhibit bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosome

erythromycin
roxithromycin

21
Q

adverse effects of macrolides

A

N, V, D, abdominal pain
skin rashes
candida infections

22
Q

lincosamides

A

bacteriostatic
inhibit protein sythenesis by binding to 50s ribosome

23
Q

inhibitors of DNA sythensis

A

bactericidal

fluroquinolones
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

24
Q

precautions of antibiotics - broad

A
  1. allergies
  2. interactions
  3. pregnancy/BF
  4. heaptic/renal imapairment
  5. elderly/children
25
Q

fluroquinolones

A

bactericidal
interfere with bacterial topoisomerase II and IV

26
Q

fluroquinolones adverse effects

A

rash, itch
N,V,D cramps
superinfection
many drug interactions

rare
photosensitvity- sun exposure/sunscreen

27
Q

nitroimidazoles

A

metabolised to active metabolites in anaerobic microorganisms and thought to interfere with DNA synthesis causing cell death

bactericidal to anaerboic bacteria and protozoa

28
Q

nitromidazole adverse effects

A

N,V,D
anorexia,
cramps
metallic taste
dizziness and headaches

infrequent
-fury tongue
-parathesia

rare
-allergy
-neuropathy
-dark urine
-seizures
-hepatitis

29
Q

clindamycin

A

topical antibacterial

inhibitor of bacterial protein sythensis

30
Q

clindamycin adervse effects

A

dryness
redness
tenderness

31
Q

complete open questions and MCQs/ case studies

A
32
Q
A