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Wk 6 Flashcards

Muscle - Nervous

1
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Fast communication cells.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory function (sensory receptors detect internal stimuli; learn & adapt)
  • integrative function (processes sensory information and decides on response)
  • motor function (reacts and has an output through activation of muscles and glands)
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3
Q

What nervous systems are processed in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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4
Q

What nervous systems are processed in the peripheral nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglion
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5
Q

Difference between Afferent and Efferent?

A

Afferent - affected by; input to CNS from periphery.

Efferent - has an effect on something else; output from CNS to periphery.

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6
Q

What is under the Afferent Division?

A
  • Sensory stimuli
  • Visceral stimuli
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7
Q

What is under Efferent division?

A
  • Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle)
  • Autonomic nervous system (involuntary; smooth & cardiac muscle)
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8
Q

What elicits a response in the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor neurons

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9
Q

What elicits a response in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest)
    *Work together to keep homeostasis
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10
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialised communication cells of the nervous system.
- produce proteins (need lots of energy)

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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11
Q

What are synapses?

A

Region where neurons communicate with each other.
- between 2 neurons
- neuron and a muscle

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12
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron (sends impulse towards another cell)
  2. Postsynaptic neuron; effector cell (receives impulse and responds to it)
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13
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Unipolar neurons
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14
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A
  • Motor neurons
  • Found in brain and spinal cord
  • Efferent (take action potential away from CNS)
  • Interneurons
  • Located between sensory and motor neurons
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15
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A
  • Found in the ear and retina of eye
  • Have 1 axon and 1 dendrite extending from cell body
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16
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Have sensory receptors (pain, pressure, touch, temp)
  • Afferent (take sensory information towards CNS)
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17
Q

What are glial cells?

A

A cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment.

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18
Q

What are the types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
19
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • largest and most common in CNS
  • support neurons
  • assist in forming blood brain barrier
  • maintain correct chemical environment
20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A
  • form and maintain myelin sheath around axons
  • like a schwann cell but wraps around multiple axons
21
Q

What are microglia?

A
  • phagocytes (remove cellular waste and debris)
  • keep nervous tissue clean
22
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A
  • have microvilli and cilia
  • produce cerebral spinal fluid and assist moving it around
23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens
  • selective barrier
  • formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells (wrap around capillaries) and astrocytes
24
Q

What are the types of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Myelination
25
Q

What are schwann cells?

A
  • form and maintain myelin sheath around axons
  • axon regeneration
    1:1 ratio for axons & schwann cells
26
Q

What are satellite cells?

A
  • supports the neurons
  • regulates flow of materials into cell bodies
27
Q

What is myelination?

A
  • axons can be myelinated by neuroglia which insulates the axons and speed
28
Q

What is grey and white matter?

A

Grey matter - cell bodies (soma)
White matter - axon bundles

29
Q

Where is the matter located in the spine?

A

Grey matter = on the inside
White matter = on the outside
*Axons take stimuli via cell bodies up to the brain

30
Q

Where is the matter located in the brain?

A

Grey matter = on the outside
White matter = on the inside
*Cell bodies protect axons

31
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Attached to the brain and travels inside vertebrae (protected).

32
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

A

31

33
Q

What are the 3 protective connective tissues that enclose spinal cord and brain?

A
  1. Dura mater (outermost layer - thick and tough)
  2. Arachnoid mater (middle layer - spider webbed structure)
  3. Pia mater (innermost layer - transparent)
34
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS.
- Axon (enclosed by endoneurium)
- Fascicle (perineurium)
- Whole nerve (Epineurium)

35
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves?

A
  • Spinal nerves (spinal cord to periphery)
    *Carry motor & sensory axons
  • Cranial nerves (brain to periphery)
36
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
37
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal (motor)
  2. Parietal (sensory)
  3. Occipital (visual)
  4. Temporal (auditory/language)
  5. Insula (taste/memory)
    *Insula located underneath
38
Q

Function of cerebrum?

A

Sensory & motor

39
Q

Function of cerebellum?

A
  • Smooths & coordinates
  • Regulates posture & balance
40
Q

Function of epithalamus?

A

Has the pineal gland which produces melatonin.

41
Q

Function of Thalamus?

A

Relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex (contributes to motor functions).

42
Q

Function of Hypothalamus?

A
  • Produces hormones
  • Regulates fluid balance
  • Controls body temp
43
Q

Function of Pons?

A

Respiration

44
Q

Function of Medulla oblongata?

A

Cardiovascular

45
Q

Function of Midbrain?

A

Transmits info necessary for vision and hearing.

46
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

A liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries.

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