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Wk 6 Flashcards

Muscle - Nervous

1
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Fast communication cells.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory function (sensory receptors detect internal stimuli; learn & adapt)
  • integrative function (processes sensory information and decides on response)
  • motor function (reacts and has an output through activation of muscles and glands)
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3
Q

What nervous systems are processed in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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4
Q

What nervous systems are processed in the peripheral nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglion
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5
Q

Difference between Afferent and Efferent?

A

Afferent - affected by; input to CNS from periphery.

Efferent - has an effect on something else; output from CNS to periphery.

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6
Q

What is under the Afferent Division?

A
  • Sensory stimuli
  • Visceral stimuli
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7
Q

What is under Efferent division?

A
  • Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle)
  • Autonomic nervous system (involuntary; smooth & cardiac muscle)
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8
Q

What elicits a response in the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor neurons

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9
Q

What elicits a response in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest)
    *Work together to keep homeostasis
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10
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialised communication cells of the nervous system.
- produce proteins (need lots of energy)

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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11
Q

What are synapses?

A

Region where neurons communicate with each other.
- between 2 neurons
- neuron and a muscle

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12
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron (sends impulse towards another cell)
  2. Postsynaptic neuron; effector cell (receives impulse and responds to it)
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13
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Unipolar neurons
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14
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A
  • Motor neurons
  • Found in brain and spinal cord
  • Efferent (take action potential away from CNS)
  • Interneurons
  • Located between sensory and motor neurons
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15
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A
  • Found in the ear and retina of eye
  • Have 1 axon and 1 dendrite extending from cell body
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16
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Have sensory receptors (pain, pressure, touch, temp)
  • Afferent (take sensory information towards CNS)
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17
Q

What are glial cells?

A

A cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment.

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18
Q

What are the types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
19
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • largest and most common in CNS
  • support neurons
  • assist in forming blood brain barrier
  • maintain correct chemical environment
20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A
  • form and maintain myelin sheath around axons
  • like a schwann cell but wraps around multiple axons
21
Q

What are microglia?

A
  • phagocytes (remove cellular waste and debris)
  • keep nervous tissue clean
22
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A
  • have microvilli and cilia
  • produce cerebral spinal fluid and assist moving it around
23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens
  • selective barrier
  • formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells (wrap around capillaries) and astrocytes
24
What are the types of glial cells in the PNS?
- Schwann cells - Satellite cells - Myelination
25
What are schwann cells?
- form and maintain myelin sheath around axons - axon regeneration 1:1 ratio for axons & schwann cells
26
What are satellite cells?
- supports the neurons - regulates flow of materials into cell bodies
27
What is myelination?
- axons can be myelinated by neuroglia which insulates the axons and speed
28
What is grey and white matter?
Grey matter - cell bodies (soma) White matter - axon bundles
29
Where is the matter located in the spine?
Grey matter = on the inside White matter = on the outside *Axons take stimuli via cell bodies up to the brain
30
Where is the matter located in the brain?
Grey matter = on the outside White matter = on the inside *Cell bodies protect axons
31
What is the spinal cord
Attached to the brain and travels inside vertebrae (protected).
32
How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?
31
33
What are the 3 protective connective tissues that enclose spinal cord and brain?
1. Dura mater (outermost layer - thick and tough) 2. Arachnoid mater (middle layer - spider webbed structure) 3. Pia mater (innermost layer - transparent)
34
What is a nerve?
Bundle of axons in the PNS. - Axon (enclosed by endoneurium) - Fascicle (perineurium) - Whole nerve (Epineurium)
35
What are the 2 types of nerves?
- Spinal nerves (spinal cord to periphery) *Carry motor & sensory axons - Cranial nerves (brain to periphery)
36
What are the 4 major regions of the brain?
1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum
37
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal (motor) 2. Parietal (sensory) 3. Occipital (visual) 4. Temporal (auditory/language) 5. Insula (taste/memory) *Insula located underneath
38
Function of cerebrum?
Sensory & motor
39
Function of cerebellum?
- Smooths & coordinates - Regulates posture & balance
40
Function of epithalamus?
Has the pineal gland which produces melatonin.
41
Function of Thalamus?
Relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex (contributes to motor functions).
42
Function of Hypothalamus?
- Produces hormones - Regulates fluid balance - Controls body temp
43
Function of Pons?
Respiration
44
Function of Medulla oblongata?
Cardiovascular
45
Function of Midbrain?
Transmits info necessary for vision and hearing.
46
What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?
A liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries.

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