Wk 4) Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission Flashcards
The resting potential is about
a) -70mV
b) 70mV
c) -30mV
d) 30mV
Which of the following is NOT a class of the conventional small molecule neurotransmitter
a) Amino Acids
b) Neuropeptides
c) Acetylcholine
d) Monoamines
The threshold membrane potential is approximately
a) -40mV
b) -65mV
c) 40mV
d) 65mV
Which part of neuron receives information from other neurons?
a) Dendrites
b) Axon
c) Myeline sheath
d) Axon Terminals
Which of the following is not true about autoreceptors?
a) They are metabotropic receptors
b) They bind to their neuron’s own neurotransmitter molecules
c) They are located on the postsynaptic membrane
d) The are located on the presynaptic membrane
What is membrane potential?
a) The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell
b) Mechanisms that transport ions or molecules across the membrane
c) The ability of potentials produced in rapid succession at the synapse to form a greater signal
d) The process of neurons becoming less polarised
Which stage of an action potential results from the opening of Na+ ion channels?
a) Depolarisation
b) Repolarisation
c) Refractory Period
d) Return to the threshold
What is the Soma?
a) protective coat
b) cell body
c) axon hillock
d) synaptic terminal
Which of these glial cells is NOT found in the CNS?
a) astrocytes
b) microglia
c) ependymal cells
c) satelie cells
What happens in repolarization?
a) efflux of K+ ions and a gradual closing of the potassium channel
b) influx of K+ ions and a gradual closing of the potassium channel
c) efflux of Na+ ions and a gradual closing of the sodium channel
d) influx of Na+ ions and a gradual closing of the sodium channel
Sensory systems are organised hierarchically from lower to higher complexity and specificity. What is the correct order?
a) receptors –> thalamus –> Primary sensory cortex –> Secondary sensory cortex –> Association cortex
b) receptors –> hippocampus –> Primary sensory cortex –> Secondary sensory cortex –> Association cortex
c) hippocampus –> thalamus –> Primary sensory cortex –> Secondary sensory cortex –> Association cortex
d) receptors –> thalamus –> Primary sensory cortex –> Secondary sensory cortex –> Hippocampus
What is the structure that neurotransmitters are stored in?
a) Tubules
b) Synapse
c) Vesicles
d) Receptors
Which of the following is NOT a part of the sympathetic pathway
a) Amygdala
b) Hypothalamus
c) Basal Ganglia
d) Brain stem
Which neurotransmitter is always inhibitory?
a) Glutamate
b) Norepinephrine
c) Endorphins
d) Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters are received by receptors on:
a) the axon
b) the myelin sheath
c) dendrites
d) the terminal buttons
Axonal conduction is increased through
a) myelination
b) synapse formation
c) dendritic branches
d) apoptosis
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasure?
a) endorphins
b) dopamine
c) GABA
d) serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasure?
a) endorphins
b) dopamine
c) GABA
d) acetylcholine
Which of the following occurs first?
a) Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic space
b) Neurotransmitters fit into the receptor sites located on the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron
c) Synaptic vesicles in the terminal buttons of a sending neuron release neurotransmitters into the synaptic space
d) The axon carries the message to a nearby neuron
Which is not a kind of sympathetic function?
a) Dilation of bronchi
b) Inhibition of intestinal motility
c) Weak stimulation of salivary flow
d) Inhibition of heart
Threshold is defined by the membrane potential that is sufficient for the triggering of
a) an action potential (-60 mV)
b) an action potential (-70 mV)
c) a resting potential (-60 mV)
d) a resting potential (-70 mV)
What describes a rapid change in the membrane potential depolarisation follwed by a return to the resting membrane potential?
a) Action potential
b) Resting potential
c) Threshold
d) Hyperpolarisation
An increase of which ion in the axon triggers an action potential
a) Na+
b) K-
c) Ca+
d) H+
Which of the following neurotransmitters exerts effects that are primarily excitatory?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine
d) Glutamate
Which neurotransmitter does cocaine artifcially flood the brain with?
a) GABA
b) Dopamine
c) Serotonin
d) Glutamate
How many milivolts does a neuron in resting potential have?
a) -100v
b) +100v
c) -70v
d) +70v
Which neurotransmitter is involved in pain relief?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Glutamate
c) Dopamine
d) Endorphins
What is a neurons reting membrane potential (mV)?
a) -70
b) -60
c) 30
d) 0
At a neurons resting potential there is:
a) more negative ions inside the neuron compare with the outside
b) More positive ions inside the neuron compared with the outside
c) Same ratio of positive and negative ions inside and outside
d) No ions in the neuron
Branced nerve fibres that convey potential changes toward the cell body of a neuron are called?
a) Axons
b) Dendrites
c) Myelin Sheath
d) Soma
Which two hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
a) ADH & GH
b) ACTH & STH
c) ADH & oxytocin
d) TRH & CRH
The neural impulse that travels down the axon and causes the neuron to fire is known as:
a) Resting potential
b) Activity potential
c) Action potential
d) Neurotransmitter
The major inhibitory neurotransmitter is:
a) Acetylcholine
b) GABA
c) Glutamate
d) Dopamine
The main hormone associated with stress is:
a) Insulin
b) Endorphin
c) Serotonin
d) Cortisol
At a resting potential, the charge of the membrane is:
a) -70 milivolts
b) -60 milivolts
c) 30 milivolts
d) -80 milivolts
The system responsible for regulating bodily functions is called the: a) Somatic Nervous System
b) Sympathetic Nervous System
c) CNS
d) Parasympathetic Nervous System
At what level of mV do ion channels open?
a) 60mV
b) 70mV
c) 80mV
d) 50mv
What neurotransmitter is responsible for muscle contractions and movement?
a) Dopamine
b) GABA
c) Serotonin
d) Acetycholine
What apart of a neuron receives transmissions from another via the synaptic cleft?
a) Axon
b) Soma
c) Dendrites
d) Axon terminal
Which method of signal transduction transduces further?
a) Ap electrical
b) Hormonal
c) Chemical
d) Autonomical
A Metabotropic Receptor….
a) Is embedded on membrane signal proteins, which are linked to G proteins, stimulates the synthesis of a second messenger
b) Sit on ion channels
c) Opens up channels when a neurotransmitter binds with it
d) Alters the flow of ions into or out of the neruon
Which is NOT a factor that influences the distribution of Na+ and K+ ions across the neural membrane?
a) Ions in motion move down their concentration gradients, thus Na+ will tend to enter and K+ will tend to exit
b) The negative internal charge creates pressure for both Na+ and K+ to enter
c) Sodium-potassium pumps transport 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ they transport in
d) Ions in motion move down their concentration gradients, thus Na+ will tend to exit and K+ will tend to enter
An Action Potential causes….
a) A small and long-lasting reversal of the membrane potential from -10 to + 20mV
b) A massive but momentary reversal of the membrane potential from -70 to +50mV
c) A massive but momentary reversal of the membrane potential from -10 to +20 mV
d) A small but lasting reversal of the memvrane potential from -70 to +50mV
The Absolute refactory period is…
a) A brief period (1-2 milliseconds) after the initiation of an action potential, during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
b) A long period (2-5 seconds) after the initiation of an action potential, during which is is imposisble to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
c) A period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
d) A brif peiod after the intitiation of an action potential during which it is possible to elicit anotehr action potential in the same neuron
Synapses that are capable of transmission in either direction are _____.
a) Axodendritic synapses
b) Dendrodendritic synapses
c) Axosomatic synapses
d) Axoaxonic synapses
Integration is best described as
a) adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal
b) the overall sum of on signal
c) removing one signal from a set of signals
d) the potential of one cell
The refractory period of action potential is approximately __ ms.
a) 1-2ms
b) 2-3ms
c) 3-4ms
d) 4-5ms
exocytosis is…
a) the process of action potential
b) the process of neurotransmitter release
c) when two cells merge together
d) the motor response to a stimulus
After the rising phase of an action potential, the next phase is:
a) Hyper-polarisation
b) Polarisation
c) Repolarisation
d) Hypo-polerisation
Post-synaptic depoloarisations ____ likelihood that a neuron will fire
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Eliminate
d) Have no effect on
Besides enzymatic degradation, another way to remove neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is
a) Enzymatic clearing
b) Reuptake
c) Enzymatic removal
d) A&B
Which of these are not a characteristic of EPSPs and IPSPs
a) They are graded response
b) They are rapid
c) Transmission is decremental
d) Transmission is incremental
The increase in mebrane potential during an action potential is due to:
a) influx of potassium ions
b) efflux of potassium ions
c) influx of sodium ions
d) efflux of sodium ions
Jane is confronted by a bear, she immediately jumps and runs for her dear life. What is the neurochemical response mediating this action?
a) Parasympathetic nervous system > Digestion Increases > Contracts Bladder > Constricts pupil > Heart Rate Decreases
b) Hypothalamus > Anterior pituritary > Gonadotropin > Gonads > Estrogren, androgens and progestins > Body tissues
c) Hypothalamus > Neurotransmitter > Action Potential > Dopamine released
d) Hypothalamus > Anterior pituritary > Adrenocorticotropic hormone > Kidneys > Cortisol > Flight or fight response
Which receptor is activated by neurotransmitter molecules with signal proteins and G proteins. Their effects are slow to develop but long-lasting.
a) ionotropic receptors
b) metabotropic receptors
c) autoreceptors
d) none of the above
What is the excitatory, involved in muscle contractions neurotransmitters?
a) Endorphins
b) Glutamate
c) Acetylcholine
d) Serotonin
Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is involved in sleep and also inhibits movement?
a) Acetylcholine
b) GABA
c) Serotonin
d) Dopamine
In a neuron which component can increase the speed of a travelling message?
a) axon
b) dendrite
c) myelin sheath
d) terminal buttons
what are the two components of the peripheral NS?
a) Parasympathic and sympathetic
b) Brain and spinal cord
c) Somatic and autonomic NS
d) Sympathetic and somatic
what neurotransmitter is responsible for the control of movement and sensation of pleasure?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Serotonin
c) Glutamate
d) Dopamine
