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Bio Science For Midiwfery > Wk 2 - Hormones Of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Wk 2 - Hormones Of Pregnancy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the four main hormones of pregnancy:

A
  1. Oestrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. Human Chorionic Gondatropin (hCG)
  4. Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
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2
Q

Which two hormones does the corpus luteum release?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

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3
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Mass of tissue which implants into the endometrium.

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4
Q

Which hormone does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete?

A

hCG (human chorionic gondatropin)

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5
Q

Define a “teratogen”…

A

Something that effects embryo in early/initial development. Eh. Cigarettes and alcohol.

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6
Q

List examples of presumptive or possible signs of pregnancy:

A
  • breast change (3-4 wks)
  • amenorrhea (4 wks)
  • morning sickness (4-14 wks)
  • bladder irritability (6-12 wks)
  • quickening (14-20 wks)
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7
Q

List probable signs of pregnancy:

A 
- Biochemical pregnancy test (hGC) 
{blood = 9/10 days, urine = 14 wks} 
- Hegar's sign (softened isthmus VE) (6-12 wks) 
- Chadwicks sign (blue vagina) (8 wks) 
- Osianders sign (pulsation of fornices) (8 wks) 
- Uterine growth (8 wks) 
- Braxton Hicks Contractions (16 wks) 
- Ballottement of fetus (16-28)
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8
Q

List positive signs of pregnancy:

A
  • ultrasound (transvaginal) (5 wks)
  • Doppler (12 wks)
  • fetal movements palpable (22 wks)
  • fetal parts palpable (24 wks)
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9
Q

What are three notable changes to the vagina during pregnancy?

A
  1. Increases in muscularity to prepare for birth.
  2. Production of white mucus - leucorrhea. (Not offensive/ irritating)
  3. More prone to infection due to warm nourishing environment, particularly thrush. (offensive and irritating)
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10
Q

What does embryogenesis of BREAST DEVELOPMENT refer to?

A

During the 4th wk a primitive milk streak develops from the axilla to the groin on the trunk of the embryo. During the 5th wk this develops into the mammary ridge of the milk line.
Embryogenesis = of the mammary gland begin in the 6th wk - 38 wks (milk ducts fully developed).

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11
Q

Define mammogenesis of BREAST DEVELOPMENT:

A

The growth and development of the mammary glands, noticeably in the female @ puberty under oestrogen.

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12
Q

Lactogensis of BREAST DEVELOPMENT:

A

Breast has reached functional capacity, initiation and production of colostrum and breastmilk.

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13
Q

At what week do great changes begin to occur?

A

6 weeks.

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14
Q

What physical indications may women experience in the early stage of pregnancy?

A
  • increase in breast size, tenderness and a tingling sensation.
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15
Q

Under the influence of oestrogen, placental lactogen, prolactin, and hCG which anatomical breast structure is developed?

A

The development of the duct system.

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16
Q

Under the influence of progesterone which anatomical breast structure is developed?

A

The lobes.

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17
Q

Which hormone is required for complete lobe and alveolar development in the breast? Where is it produced?

A

Prolactin - produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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18
Q

Why does milk production not occur during pregnancy?

A

High levels of progesterone which inhibit the release of prolactin.

19
Q

Once third stage is complete the level of progesterone starts to drop meaning which hormone can be released?

A

Prolactin.

20
Q

Colostrum is:

A

Early breast milk produced from as early as 16 weeks.

21
Q

What does Montgomery’s tubercules refer to?

A

Portions of the areloa gland visible on skin surface. Round bumps become more prominent.

22
Q

In what ways is the immune system affected during pregnancy?

A
  • white blood cells are increased and more responsive.

- general immunity goes down.

23
Q

In what ways are the cardiovascular system affected?

A
  • heart displaced by the diaphragm.

- heart enlarges.

24
Q

In regards the the cardiovascular system, what increases by 10-20%.

A

Cardiac volume.

25
Q

In regards the the cardiovascular system, what increases by 30-50%?

A

Cardiac output.

- increased heart rate from 4 wks.

26
Q

Are there changes to blood pressure in pregnancy?

A

Not to diastolic, minimal change to systolic.

27
Q

What respiratory system rises by 4cm during pregnancy?

A

The diaphragm.

28
Q

True/ False: tidal volume increases to accommodate the fetus during pregnancy.

A

True.

29
Q

True/False: capacity of lungs does not change during pregnancy, but tidal volume increases to accommodate oxygen needs of fetus.

A

True.

30
Q

What are the major changes to the renal system during pregnancy?

A
  • blood flow increases by 20-50% to the kidneys.
  • enlarges by 1.5 cm in length.
  • can slow passage of urine, more prone to UTI’s.
31
Q

The mammary gland undergoes three major growth and development phases in the life of a female. What are they?

A
  1. In utero.
  2. First 2 yrs.
  3. Puberty.
32
Q

Name the placental hormones that accelerate breast development in early pregnancy?

A

Placental Lactogen
Prolactin
hCG

33
Q

Montgomery’s tubercles are structures which:

A

Secrete lubricant onto the areola and nipple during pregnancy and lactation.

34
Q

Breastmilk is manufactured within the ? Of the breast?

A

Alveoli.

35
Q

True/False: hCG is a protein hormone that is produced in the mass of tissue called the syncytiotrophoblast and helps to maintain the pregnancy.

A

True

36
Q

What is the zygote?

A

The cell formation after fertilisation.

37
Q

What is the conceptus called from the 8th week following fertilisation?

A

The fetus.

38
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

The Fallopian tubes.

39
Q

The implantation of the blastocyst occurs around the ? day?

A

6th.

40
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The process of dividing into three germ layers.

41
Q

What are the three germ layers of gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

42
Q

By which gest week would you expect the neural tube to close?

A

By the 4th week

43
Q

An early pregnancy self test measures the presence of which hormone?

A

hCG.

Bio Science For Midiwfery (5 decks)

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