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2 AM - Behaviour & Welfare > Wk 13: Species focus: Pig > Flashcards

Wk 13: Species focus: Pig Flashcards

1
Q

Who lives in small (matriarchal) boar social groups?

A

Sows
Mature daughters
Young

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2
Q

When do mature males join the matriarchal boar group?

A

During breeding season

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3
Q

Boars are primarly nocturn but how much time do they spend foraging per day?

A

up to 8 hours

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4
Q

What kind of environment do boars live in?

A

Shruv
Woodland
Social, spatial and temporal seasons

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5
Q

How long before farrowing do boars start building a nest?

A

1-2 days before

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6
Q

What is the size of a typical boar litter?

A

4-6 piglets

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7
Q

When do piglets start to follow the sow boar out of the nest?

A

from 9 days

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8
Q

When does the sow return to the boar group with her piglets?

A

10-14 days after farrowing

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9
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of that species?

A

(Ethogram = inventory of behaviours of an animal)
Extensive, semi-natural conditions allow for greater range of species-typical behaviour

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10
Q

What is an abnormal behaviour of a sow?

A

Bar-biting in gestating sow

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11
Q

How does the behaviour of modern pigs in semi-natural conditions differ from wild boars?

A

Less active
Less dominance-related aggression
Less predator-vigiliant

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12
Q

What behavioural repertoire do modern pigs in semi-natural conditions share with wild boars in a social aspect?

A

Family groups
Monitor others
Social-rank relationships
Foraging home range overlaps with others

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13
Q

What behavioural repertoire do modern pigs in semi-natural conditions share with wild boars in a reproductive aspect?

A

Sow separates from group: 1-2 days
Nest building: starts 15h before farrowing
Sow leaving the nest: day 2
Piglets introduced to group: from day 9
Weaning gradual but complete at 16 weeks

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14
Q

What are the two main welfare problems in pigs?

A

Farrowing in crates
Tail biting

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15
Q

What are the main welfare issues of dry sows?

A

Feeding restricted during gestation
Aggression (feeding/mixing)

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16
Q

What are the main welfare issues of lactating sows?

A

Crushing
Sows (up to 240kg)/Piglets (1kg at birth)
Farrowing crates

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17
Q

What are the advantages of farrowing crates?

A

Less crushing of piglets
Stockperson can easily view, treat and clean
Safer

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18
Q

What are the physical welfare issues of farrowing crates?

A

UTI
Sores/injuries from pens
Slat-induced foot problems
Weaker bones & muscles

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19
Q

What are the behavioural welfare issues of farrowing crates?

A

Stereotypies
Apathy
Poor postural changes
No nest-building
No getting away

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20
Q

What are the physiological welfare issues of farrowing crates?

A

Higher baseline cortisol
Increased levels of stillbriths

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21
Q

Why does a sow not able to get away matter?

A

Confined to piglets
Cannot leave, move or turn
Difficult to limit suckling stimulation to limit milk consumption

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22
Q

What do crated sows have increased levels of 4 weeks after lactation?

A

cortisol

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23
Q

Get-away farrowing pens: How soon do sows try to decrease the proportion of time spent with the piglets?

A

Second week after lactation

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24
Q

Get-away farrowing pens compared to crates

A

Reduced milk production
Less weight loss during lactation
Quicker return to oestrus after weaning

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25
Q

As milk production decreased in get-away farrowing pens, how did this affect the piglets?

A

Piglets ate more solid food - better prepared for weaning

26
Q

What is the key problem with get-away pens?

A

Higher mortality due to crushing

27
Q

How much of the UK herd is house in an outdoor system?

A

40% of UK herd

28
Q

What is the benefit of an outdoor system?

A

Promote natural behaviour such as nest building

29
Q

What are the consequences of tail biting?

A
  • Pain, secondary infection, cannibalism
  • Impaired growth, death, condemnation of the carcass
  • Economic losses
  • Stress
30
Q

What are the economic losses relating to tail-biting?

A
  • (estimated £3.5mil (2003)
  • Low grade (3-5%) of pigs may be affected each week
  • 1% require euthanasia and similar proportion are condemned at slaughter (referred to as pyaemia on a condemnation sheet)
  • Cost to a 300 sow breeder feeder farm can be £140,000 per year (140 pigs lost per year) + costs of treatment, care, isolation and lost growth
31
Q

What is this picture showing?

A

Pyaemia

32
Q

What is this picture showing?

A

Lung abscesses

33
Q

What is this picture showing?

A

Suppurative osteomyelitis in pig carcass

34
Q

What are the solutions available to avoid pig biting?

A

Tail docking
Straw provision

35
Q

How many pigs % are docked?

A

80% have docked tails

36
Q

How many pigs % are docked?

A

80% have docked tails

37
Q

What is the act that regulates tail docking of pigs?

A

Mutilations (Permitted Procedures)(England) Regulations 2007

38
Q

In terms of tail docking, how old must the pig be in order to receive anaesthetic and additional prolonged analgesia?

A

Afed 7 days or older

39
Q

According to the legislation, how must tail docking be carried out?

A

Does not have to be done by a vet
Must be done ina quick manner and involve complete severance of the tail

40
Q

When may pig tail docking be carried out?

A

Only be carried out where measures to improve environmental conditions or management system have first been taken to prevent tail-biting, but there is still evidence to show that injury to pigs’ tails by biting has occurred

41
Q

What is a vet’s role in pig tail docking?

A
42
Q

What are the risk factors associated with tail-biting if the pigs always have straw and it is of good quality?

A

Decrease the likelihood

43
Q

What are the risk factors associated with suboptimal straw and a pig that had straw at an early age but no longer does?

A

Increase likelihood

44
Q

Why is straw associated with less tail-biting?

A
  • Pigs are highly motivated to forage and explore = ie. rooting, nosing, chewing
  • Noising each other often leads to tail biting
45
Q

List the epidemiological data on risk factors of tail biting:

A

Health
Ventilation/Bedding management
Objects - enrichment
Tail variation
Waster flow and Acess

46
Q

How can a pigs health be a factor in tail-biting?

A
47
Q

How can ventilation and bedding management be a risk factor of tail biting?

A
48
Q

How can objects - enrichment be a factor of tail biting?

A
49
Q

How can tail variation be a risk factor of tail-biting?

A
50
Q

How can water flow and access be a risk factor of tail-biting?

A
51
Q

List the qualities of the enrichment object to reduce tail biting

A

Clean
Attacked
Destructible
Regularly rotated/ replaced

52
Q

How do you ensure that enrichment objects remain clean?

A

Washed
Rotated
Attached to ceiling or sides

53
Q

Why would you want enrichment objects to be attached?

A

Cleaner
Active areas not lying areas

54
Q

Why would you want to ensure that enrichment objects are readily available?

A

Less competition
Less agonistic behaviour
More pigs occupied

55
Q

Why would you want to ensure that the enrichment objects are destructible?

A

Increase interest and occupation
Change in: size, shape and movement
Chewable as well as rootable

56
Q

Why would you want to regularly rotate/replace enrichment objects?

A

Rarely found on farms
Keep objects cleaner
Makes objects novel and interesting again

57
Q

What are the husbandry issues to look out for as risk factors for tail-biting on farms?

A
58
Q

What are the early signs/indicators of tail-biting problems on farms?

A
59
Q

What are the 3 likely types of tail biting?

A
  • Boredom/Metabolic balance
  • Frustration
  • Fanatic pigs
60
Q

How can boredom and metabolic balance be a type of tail-biting?

A
61
Q

How can frustration be a type of tail-biting?

A
62
Q

What is a fanatic tail biter?

A

2 AM - Behaviour & Welfare (13 decks)

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