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VP - Microbio > Wk 13 > Flashcards

Wk 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define taxonomy. What method is used for naming viruses? According to the international committee on taxomy of viruses?

A

Def: science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
Baltimore’s classification
ICTV: genome,replication strategies, morphology

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2
Q

What is the “passport” of viruses?

A

Order (-virales), family (-viridae), subfamily (-virinae), genus (-virus), species

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3
Q

Using the Baltimore classification, of the RNA viruses, which one(s) are RNA—> DNA—> RNA and dsRNA?

A

RNA—> DNA—> RNA: retroviridae
dsRNA: reoviridae

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4
Q

Using the Baltimore classification, of the DNA viruses, which one(s) are DNA—> RNA—> Partially stranded DNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA?

A

DNA—> RNA—> partially DNA: hepadnaviridae
ssDNA: Parvoviridae
dsDNA: adenoviridae, poxviridae, herpesviridae, papillomaviridae, polyomalviridae

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5
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of adenoviridae? (Genetic material, enveloped, release)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, non enveloped & icoshedral, fibers at vertices, release by lysis
Transmission: droplets, fecal-oral

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6
Q

What is the epidemiology and prevention method of adenoviridae?

A

Epidemiology: canine adenovirus 1 (CAV1) - infectious canine hepatitis | canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2) - infectious tracheobrnchitis
Prevention method: vaccines available where CAV2 attenuated live virus strains cross protect against CAV1)

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7
Q

For infectious canine hepatitis (CAV1), who is most at risk and what is affected?

A

Fatal in unvaccinated puppies
Affects liver, kidneys, eyes, and vascular endothelium

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8
Q

For canine adenovirus 2, what are the clinical signs?

A

Dry, harsh, hacking cough due to tracheobronchitis
Increased mucus production, nasal or eye discharge
Fever, loss of appetite

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9
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission method of poxviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, cytoplasmic replication, intracellular mature virus, extracellular enveloped virion, release by lysis or budding
Transmission: direct contact, fomites, droplets (smallpox), insects

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10
Q

What are key facts that poxviridae are known for? (Size, hallmarks of infection)

A

Largest and complex animal virus
Presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are hallmark of infection

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11
Q

What are examples of poxviridae?

A

Avipoxvirus, suipoxvirus, leporipoxvirus, parapoxvirus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus species Orf virus, orthopoxvirus species cowpox virus, orthopoxvirus species variola virus variant major and minor, monkeypox

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12
Q

What are the three zoonotic pox DNA virus?

A

Parapoxvirus species Orf virus, orthopoxvirus species cowpox virus, monkeypox

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13
Q

What is the natural host reservoir and transmission methods to humans for monkeypox?

A

Natural host reservoir: monkeys, rodents
Transmission: direct contact with bodily fluids, bites, scratches, consumption of raw or improperly cooked bushmeat

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14
Q

How can monkeypox be transmitted between humans?

A

Direct contact with lesions, body fluids, and respiratory droplets
Vertical transmission
Face, mouth, or Skin to skin

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15
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of parvoviridae? How can it replicate? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: Linear ssDNA, non-enveloped, stable, release by lysis
Transmission: respiratory, oral droplets of fecal-oral route
Replicate autonomously in active cycling cells

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16
Q

What are examples of epidemiology of parvoviridae in humans, canines, felines, and pigs?

A

Human parvovirus B19: erythema infectious (fifth disease) in children
Protoparvovirus species Canine parvovirus 2: 80% in puppies
Feline panleukopenia virus: in kittens with panluekopenia and cerebellar hypoplasia
Porcine parvovirus: Repro failure with no maternal signs; SMEDI

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17
Q

What are the characteristics and hosts of herpesviridae? Who experiences severe diseases? (Genetic material, enveloped, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, tegument, enveloped, enveloped by budding at nucleus membrane, release by exocytosis
Hosts: literally everyone
In neonates, fetuses, and immunocompromised individuals

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18
Q

What type of infection does herpesviridae cause? Where would we find the viral DNA be released into and what happens there?

A

Latent infection
Found in Neuronal cell bodies where it circularizes and circular DNA persists in neuronal cell nucleus

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19
Q

In each species of herpesviridae, what disease would it cause and what is its transmission method?
Suid, bovine, Gallid, canine herpesvirus

A

Suid: Aujesky’s disease and psuedorabies| nose to nose contact, aerosols
Bovine: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis | nose to nose contact, aerosols
Gallid: Avian laryngotracheitis & mareks disease| aerosolized dust
Canine: hemorrhagic disease in puppies | airborne (sneezing)

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20
Q

T/F: herpesviridae is capable of species jumping in animals

A

True

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21
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of papillomaviridae? (Genetic material, release, envelope)

A

Characteristics: circular dsDNA, non-enveloped, small, released by desquamation
Transmission: sexual or close direct contact

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22
Q

What are some key traits to remember about papillomaviridae (its specificity, effects of infection)

A

Highly host and tissue-specific
Infections are either asymptomatic or causing benign tumors = warts or papillomas, but may transform and become maligant

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23
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of polyomaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: circular dsDNA, non-enveloped, release by lysis
Transmission: aerosolized dust, contaminated feces, egg transmission

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24
Q

What are the hosts, cell tropism, and epidemiology of polyomaviridae?

A

Hosts: mammals and birds
Cell tropism: respiratory system, kidneys, brain
Epidemiology: Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus & simian polyomavirus (SV40)

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25
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of hepadnaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: partially circular dsDNA, enveloped, reverse transcriptase, released by exocytosis
Transmission methods: parenteral, sexual, blood

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26
Q

What are the hosts, cell tropism, and epidemiology of hepadnaviridae?

A

Hosts: humans, apes, birds
Cell tropism: hepatocytes
Epidemiology: hepatitis B virus

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27
Q

What are the characteristics and trasmission methods of retroviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special characteristics)

A

Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, icosahedral capsid, envelope with GAG proteins, release by budding, psuedodiploid genome
Transmission: cell-to-cell, fluids, airborne

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28
Q

What does it mean retroviridae is a pseudodiploid genome? How can retroviridae insert its genome into the host genome

A

Psuedodiploid genome: 2 identical (+)sense ssRNA strands
RNA is reverse transcribed to DNA -intermediates via reverse transcriptase, and retrovirus DNA is inserted in host genome as provirus

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29
Q

What are the three important viral enzymes of retroviridae? Are actively dividing cells required for building genetic material of retroviridae? Are there any exceptions to whether or not retroviridae would need these kinds of cells?

A

Important enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase (integration of viral DNA into host’s genome), RNA polymerase II (protea lytic cleavage during virion maturation)
Active cells are required EXCEPT genus Lentivirus (can integrate in non dividing host cells)

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30
Q

Is the range that Retroviridae can infect wide or narrow? Generally speaking, what kind of sicknesses are associated with retroviridae?

A

Wide range
Associated with immunodeficiency syndromes and cancer

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31
Q

What is the difference between oncovirus and procto-oncogene?

A

Oncivirus: any virus with DNA or RNA genome causing cancer
Proto-oncogene: gene that encodes for proteins regulations cell growth and differentiation and can become an oncogene

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32
Q

In the mechanisms of transformation of retroviridae, what are the two ways and differentiate between the two.

A

Acutely transforming retrovirus: proto-oncogene already incorporated in the DNA of a normal cell —> infection of cell & integration of proto-oncogene —> viral oncogene leaves infects new host cell —(reverse transcriptase)—> integration and expression of viral oncogene —(neoplastic transformation)—> cancer cell
Slowly transforming retrovirus: proto-oncogene already incorporated in the DNA of a normal cell —> infection with retrovirus carrying promoter gene to present proto-oncogene—(reverse transcriptase)—> integration of promoter gene adjacent to proto-oncogene—> conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogene —> cancer cell
Both lead to cancer cell, both starts with proto-oncogene

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33
Q

What are the examples of retrovirus?

A

Avian leukosis, enzootic nasal tumor, jaagsiekte, bovine leukosis, equine infectious anemia AKA swamp fever, & feline leukemia, feline immunodeficiency

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34
Q

What is the species, host, and effect of avian leukosis?

A

Species Avian sarcoma leucosis virus (ASLV or ALV)
Host: poultry
Effect: lymphoid leukosis and lymphoma (blood cell tumor from lymphocytes)

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35
Q

What is the species, host, and effect of enzootic nasal tumor?

A

Genus Betaretrovirus, species Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV)
Host: sheep, goats
Efffect: tumors in the nasal epithelium

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36
Q

What is the species, host, and effect of jaagsiekte?

A

Genus Betaretrovirus, species Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV)
Host: sheep, goats
Effect: contagious lung cancer or ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (respir distress when you chase animal)

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37
Q

What is the species, host, and effect of bovine leukosis?

A

Genus Deltaretrovirus, species Bocine Leukemia (BLV)
Host: cattle
Effect: enlargement of lymph nodes (eg retro-ocular —> protrusion of conjunctival membrane)

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38
Q

What is the species, host, effects and mechanical vectors of equine infecous anemia AKA swamp fever?

A

Genus Lentivirus, species Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)
Host: equidae
Effects: anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, weight loss, swelling of legs
Mechanical vectors: stable flies

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39
Q

What is the species, host, and transmission methods of feline leukemia?

A

Genus Gamamaretrovirus, species Feline Leukemia Virus (FLV)
Host: Felids
Transmission: close contact with nasal or saliva secretions, to a lesser extent through milk and blood , but infection in uteri possible

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40
Q

What are the clinical signs and prevention methods for feline leukemia?

A

Clinical signs: lethargy, fever, stomatitis, opportunistic infections, bone marrow disorders, (immunosuppressive or in final stage lymphomas)
Prevention methods: vaccines and more intense testing

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41
Q

What is the genus&species, host, and transmission methods of feline immunodeficiency?

A

Genus Lentivirus, species Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Host: cats, endemic in African lions
Transmission methods: bite injuries (saliva)

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42
Q

What does the attack on the immune system cause on feline immunodeficiency. Explain its viral method of infecting cells in feline immunodeficiency?

A

Clinical signs: attack on immune system —> anemia, low WBC count —> secondary infections, cancer, neurological diseases
Virus infects CD4-T cells, B cells, CD8-T cells, B cells, macrophages—> depletion of CD4-T cells

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43
Q

How can we diagnose and control feline immunodeficiency?

A

Diagnosis: detection of antibodies —> seropositive
Control: spay or neutering cats (no need to euthanize)

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44
Q

What are the characteristics, hosts, and transmission methods of rhabdoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear (-)sense ssRNA, helical nucleocapsids, enveloped, bullet shaped, released by budding
Hosts: (in)vertebrates
Transmission: animal bite —> saliva (rabies)

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45
Q

What is the ribonuceloprotein complex and Negri body of rhabdoviridae?

A

RNPC: RNA bound by viral nuceloprotein
Negri body: eosinophilic, inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm of infected nerve cells

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46
Q

What is the species, reservoir, and downstream effects after animal bite of rabies?

A

Genus Lyssavirus, species Rabiesvirus
Reservoir: dogs, cats, wild canids & felids, bats, mongooses (depends on regional area)
Animal bite —> initial replication in myocytes—> transport through peripheral nerves —> CNS —> neuronal infection

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47
Q

T/F: the rabies virus is shed in blood of infected animals. It is a slow moving virus (~distance bite to brain) with an incubation time of 3-8d in dogs

A

False; rabies virus is shed in saliva of infected animals and slow moving virus of 3-8 wks

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48
Q

After the rabies virus reaches the brain, define the three phases.

A
  1. Prodomal Phase (2-3d): nervousness, anxiety, solitude, different behavior. Licking of bite site is mostly observed
  2. Furious phase (1-7$): restless, irritable, hyperresponsive to visual and auditory stimuli, roaming, disoriented
  3. Paralytic phase: salivate (inability to swallow), deep labored breathing, paralyzed facial muscles, respiratory failure and death
49
Q

How can detect rabies?

A

Direct fluorescent antibody test to look for presence of Rabies virus antigens in brain tissue,BUT NOT IN BLOOD

50
Q

Which RNA viruses are zoonotic?

A

Rabies, Ebola, Marburg haemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, arbovirus (mostly)

51
Q

What are characteristics of orthomyxoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities

A

Segmented linear -sense ssRNA,enveloped with glycoprotein spikes (neuraminidase, NA, or N and haemaglutinin, HA, or H), release by budding replicate inside the nucleus

52
Q

What are the three genera of orthomyxoviridae defined by antigenic differences in nucleoporotein and matrixprotein?

A

Influenza virus A, B or C

53
Q

What is the order of international nomenclature of influenza viruses?

A

Virus type, (host of origin - if non human host of origin), geographic origin, strain number, year of isolation, virus subtype

54
Q

Define reassortment of flu epi- and pandemic.

A

Mixing of genetic material of species into new combinations, resulting in a reassortant virus

55
Q

What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?

A

Drift: small changes in genes that happen continually over time as the virus replicates (Influenza A, B)
Shift: abrupt, major genetic changes in Influenza A viruses, resulting in new HA and/or new NA proteins —> new influenza A subtype

56
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by orthomyxoviridae in pigs? Which virus causes it and what is the methods of transmission?

A

Swine Flu
Influenza A virus (common), Influenza B (not reported), Influenza C (rare)
Transmitted through direct contact (can survive up to 3mo in pigs)

57
Q

What are the characteristics and reservoir of filoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear -sense ssRNA, filamentous or pleomorphic***, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped with spikes
Reservoir: fruit bats, occasional humans, primates

58
Q

What are the transmission methods of filoviridae? Where do their cytopathic infections occur?

A

Contact with bodily fluids
Cytopathic infections in cultured cells or target organs of host

59
Q

What are the two examples of viruses from filoviridae?

A

Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever

60
Q

What is the genus and process of infection of Ebola?

A

Genus: ebolavirus
Infection of monocytes —> release of cytokines —> endothelial injury —> hemorrhage

61
Q

What is the genus of Marburg haemorrhagic fever? What would you see in one’s body who is infected?

A

Marburgvirus
Bleeding all over body

62
Q

How would transmission from Animal to human of Marburg haemorrhagic fever be different in human to human?

A

A—>H: bat feces and aerosols
H—>H: direct contact body fluids

63
Q

What are the characteristics, transmission methods and hosts of reoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope)

A

Characteristics: linear dsRNA, double capsid, non-enveloped
Transmission: fecal-oral
Host: (in)vertebrates

64
Q

What is the tissue tropism and diseases of reoviridae?

A

Tropism for mucosal gut and respiratory cells (respiratory enteric orphan)
Disease: respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis

65
Q

What are the diseases that reoviridae can cause?

A

Blue tongue and viral diarrhea

66
Q

What is the species, host, and transmission method of bluetongue?

A

Genus orbivirus, species bluetongue virus
Host: sheep
Transmission method: arthopode bite

67
Q

Is bluetongue an acute or chronic disease? Is it contagious?

A

Acute disease with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible breeds, but non contagious
Torticollis —> dancing dz

68
Q

What is the genus, host, and transmission methods of viral diarrhea?

A

Genus: rota virus (diff species)
Host: children, infants, young of many animals
Transmission: fecal-oral

69
Q

What are the characteristics, transmission methods, and hosts of paramyxoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: linear -sense ssRNA, enveloped, release by budding
Transmission: inhalation of small droplets
Hosts: vertebrates, humans

70
Q

What is the epidemiology of paramyxoviridae?

A

Epidemiology: humans - measles mumps, animals - canine distemper, rinderpest, Newcastle disease

71
Q

What is the difference between orthomyxoviridae and paramyxoviridae?

A

O: segmented genome allows for antigenic shift
P: non segmented genome, one serotype - > long term immunity

72
Q

What is the species, hosts, transmission methods, and prevention methods of canine distemper?

A

Canine distemper virus
Hosts: dogs, coyotes, wolves, foxes, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, other wild carnivores
Transmission: airborne
Prevention through vax

73
Q

What does canine distemper attack and what are the symptoms?

A

Attack respiratory, GI, and nervous system
Symptoms: fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, nasal discharge, coughing, circling behavior, muscle twitches, seizures, convulsion

74
Q

What is the species, 3D’s, and host of rinderpest? is rinderpest eradicated?

A

Species: rinderpest virus
3D’s: dead, discharge, diarrhea
Host: cattle
Yes

75
Q

What is the species, host, transmission method and control of Newcastle disease?

A

Species: Newcastle disease virus
Host: poultry and other bird species
Transmission: respiratory discharge and feces
Control: vax and sanitary measures

76
Q

What are the characteristics, hosts, and transmission methods of coronaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, enveloped with peplomers (petal shaped spikes), release by exocytosis
Hosts: vertebrates, humans
Transmission methods: inhalation of small droplets, fecal-oral route

77
Q

What is the primary site of infection and epidemiology of coronaviridae?

A

Epithelial cells of respiratory and intestinal tract
Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), Transmissible gastroenteritis virus swine (TGEV)

78
Q

What is the the species, forms, transmission methods and hosts of feline infectious peritonitis?

A

Species: feline coronavirus (FCov)
Forms: feline enteric coronavirus (FEVC), Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus (FIPV)
Transmission methods: fecal-oral —> highly contagious
Hosts: felidae

79
Q

What is an example of a disease within the rhabdoviridae?

A

Rabies

80
Q

What is the difference between dry or non-effusive and wet or effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

A

Dry: loss of appetite, weight loss, yellowing inside eyes, iris color change, 15% neurological signs
Wet; damaged and leaking blood vessels, ascites, difficult breathing

81
Q

What is the species and initial flu like symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)

A

Species: SARS coronavirus
Symptoms: fever, headache, muscle pain followed within 14d by respiratory symptoms (ex dyspnea, pneumonia)

82
Q

What is the characteristics, hosts and transmission methods of flaviviridae? (Genetic material, enveloped, release)

A

Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA; enveloped; surface proteins organized in icosahedral-like symmetry; release by exocytosis
Host: human, mammals
Transmission: via vector (mosquitoes, ticks)

83
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by flaviviridae?

A

West Nile fever, bovine viral diarrhea, Zika fever

84
Q

What is species, natural host, and effects in humans and horses of West Nile fever?

A

Species: West Nile virus
Host: birds
Effects: fatal, neurological humans; severe death or disease in horses

85
Q

What is the species, and general and direct effects of bovine viral diarrhea?

A

Species: bovine viral diarrhea virus
Immunosuppressive effect
Direct effect on respiratory system and fertility

86
Q

What does a bovine viral diarrhea infection in a susceptible dam result in? Why? What effect would BVD have on cattle owners?

A

Results in persistent infected fetus
Persistent infected animals recognize intracellular BVD as “self” and shed virus throughout life
Economic disease of cattle

87
Q

T/F: bovine viral diarrhea only results in cytopathic biotypes

A

False, both cytopathic and non-cytopathic biotypes **

88
Q

How does the transient infection of bovine viral diarrhea and timing of infection affect the fetus during gestation?

A

Before d30, early embryonic death
D30-d110, immunotolerance where the persistently infected fetus would have a noncytopathic infection that could be mutated to cytopathic which would cause mucosal dz or fatal hemorrhagic dz
After d110, abortion or malformation

89
Q

T/F: if a cow is infected with bovine viral diarrhea at month 7 of gestation, a fetus can be born sero-positive and produce antibodies to it and be persistently infected

A

False, they would not be persistently infected

90
Q

What is the species, symptoms and transmission methods of Zika fever?

A

Zika virus
Fever, red eyes, rash, joint pain, headache
Transmission: daytime active mosquito, sexually

91
Q

What are the characteristics and hosts of togaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, enveloped, release by budding
Hosts: humans, mammals, birds, mosquitoes

92
Q

What is arboviruses in togaviridae? How are they maintained in nature?

A

Arthropod borne virus; virus that replicates in and is transmitted by arthropods
Maintained by going through a cycle between host and vector (birds, rodents, non-human primates)

93
Q

What is the difference between enzootic and epizootic disease

A

Enzootic: endemic in animal population
Epizootic: epidemic outbreak of a disease in animal population

94
Q

What are the characteristics, and hosts of picornaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, nonenveloped, release by Lysis
Host: vertebrates

95
Q

What is the cell tropism of picornaviridae?

A

Enterovirises: GI tract
- rhinovirus: upper respiratory tract (“common cold”)
Aphtoviruses: epithelium
Hepatoviruses: liver
Cardio viruses: GI tract primary site of infection, then heart and CNS

96
Q

What are diseases caused by picornaviridae?

A

Foot and mouth disease and poliomyelitis

97
Q

What is the species, hosts, transmission methods, and symptoms of foot and mouth disease?

A

Foot and mouth disease
Species: foot and mouth virus
Host: cattle,pigs, sheep, goat
Transmission: excretions and secretions of infected animal
High fever, blisters in mouth and feet, high mortality in young animals

98
Q

What is the species, hosts, and transmission methods of poliomyelitis?

A

Species: poliovirus
Host: humans (young children)
Transmission: fecal-oral

99
Q

What are the downstream effects of poliomyelitis after infection? What does its rapid replication cause?

A

Multiplies in intestines—> viremia —> CNS —> deformation
Overwhelmed the immune system

100
Q

What are the characteristics of caliciviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Linear +sense ssRNA, nonenveloped, release by cell lysis

101
Q

What is the epidemiology of caliciviridae in cats and rabbits? How is each disease spread?

A

Genus Vesuvius:airborne transmission (cats) —> respiratory dz
Genus Lagovirus: direct contact (rabbits) —> haemorrhagic dz
Genus nitro virus: fecal-oral transmission (humans, mammals) —> acute gastroenteritis (very contagious)

102
Q

What is the species, symptoms, effects of feline calicivirus?

A

Feline calicivirus
Sneezing, nasal discharge, stomatitis, pneumonia
Respiratory infection

103
Q

What are the three lines of defense?

A

1: chemical barriers, mechanical barriers, reflexes
2: innate immunity
3: adaptive immunity

104
Q

What is included in the innate immune system response to viral infections?

A

Pathogen recognition: pathogen asssociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by pattern recognition receptors on immune cells —> release of cytokines (IL’s and IFN”s) —> inflammation + phagocytosis
Infected cell recognition: NK cells recognized MHC Class I molecules altered —> prod of destructive proteins —> apoptosis

105
Q

What is included in the adaptive immune system response to viral infections?

A

Cellular immunity: activation of helper T cells —> cytotoxic Tcells —> apoptosis of infected host cells
Hunoral immunity: activation of helper Bcells —> plasma cells —> antibodies production #p—> memory

106
Q

What are examples of viral escape mechanisms?

A

Causing generalized immunosuppression
Changing antigens
Interfere with apoptosis
Shutting down cytokine synthesis
Produ cytokine homologues
Virus specific gene silence
Restricted gene expression during gene expression during latency

107
Q

What is the purpose of antiviral drugs? Examples of these drugs.

A

Interfere with virus replication
Acyclovir: inhibits DNA replication without affecting host cell processes
Interferon: inhibit translation of viral RNA into protein

108
Q

Define immunoprophylaxis.

A

Prevention of dz by production of active or passsive immunity

109
Q

What are the ways passive immunization works for immunoprophylaxis?

A

Administration of antibodies, vac of the pregnant dam will result in transfer of passive immunity to the offspring

110
Q

What are the ways active immunization works for immunoprophylaxis?

A

Most effective way of preventing viral infections
Vaccines (live atten, inactivated, recombinant)

111
Q

Define live attenuated vaccines. (Methods of administration, examples)

A

Vaccines containing viable virus but with reduced virulence
Methods: parenteral, oral, nasal
Ex: influenza, measles vax

112
Q

Define inactivated vaccines. What chemcials used for inactivation of virus

A

Vac containing killed virus particles
Chemicals: formaldehyde, B-propiolactone, ethylenimine

113
Q

What are recombinant vaccines? Define adjuvant

A

Vaccines that rely on protein antigens to induce immunity against the virus
Adjuvant: formulations added to vaccines to improve their immunogenicity

114
Q

T/F: mRNA vaccines teach our cells to make a (piece of) protein that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. This response protects us, and in that viral mRNA does have to interact with the host cell DNA

A

False, it does not interact with host cell DNA

115
Q

What are prions?

A

Misfolded proteinaceous particles that don’t have nucleic acids and are encoded by the PRNP gene and infect animals and humans without inducing an immune response

116
Q

T/F: prions are extremely resistant to physical and chemical methods of inactivation and lead to tissue necrosis

A

True

117
Q

What are examples of transmissible spongiform encephalitis (TSEs) of prion disease in sheep, cattle, and cats

A

Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, feline spongiform encephalopathy

118
Q

What are the symptoms of scrapie in sheep?

A

Restless, fine tremors, itching, —> scrape against objects, emaciation

VP - Microbio (5 decks)

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