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Wk 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define taxonomy. What method is used for naming viruses? According to the international committee on taxomy of viruses?

A

Def: science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
Baltimore’s classification
ICTV: genome,replication strategies, morphology

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2
Q

What is the “passport” of viruses?

A

Order (-virales), family (-viridae), subfamily (-virinae), genus (-virus), species

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3
Q

Using the Baltimore classification, of the RNA viruses, which one(s) are RNA—> DNA—> RNA and dsRNA?

A

RNA—> DNA—> RNA: retroviridae
dsRNA: reoviridae

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4
Q

Using the Baltimore classification, of the DNA viruses, which one(s) are DNA—> RNA—> Partially stranded DNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA?

A

DNA—> RNA—> partially DNA: hepadnaviridae
ssDNA: Parvoviridae
dsDNA: adenoviridae, poxviridae, herpesviridae, papillomaviridae, polyomalviridae

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5
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of adenoviridae? (Genetic material, enveloped, release)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, non enveloped & icoshedral, fibers at vertices, release by lysis
Transmission: droplets, fecal-oral

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6
Q

What is the epidemiology and prevention method of adenoviridae?

A

Epidemiology: canine adenovirus 1 (CAV1) - infectious canine hepatitis | canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2) - infectious tracheobrnchitis
Prevention method: vaccines available where CAV2 attenuated live virus strains cross protect against CAV1)

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7
Q

For infectious canine hepatitis (CAV1), who is most at risk and what is affected?

A

Fatal in unvaccinated puppies
Affects liver, kidneys, eyes, and vascular endothelium

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8
Q

For canine adenovirus 2, what are the clinical signs?

A

Dry, harsh, hacking cough due to tracheobronchitis
Increased mucus production, nasal or eye discharge
Fever, loss of appetite

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9
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission method of poxviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, cytoplasmic replication, intracellular mature virus, extracellular enveloped virion, release by lysis or budding
Transmission: direct contact, fomites, droplets (smallpox), insects

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10
Q

What are key facts that poxviridae are known for? (Size, hallmarks of infection)

A

Largest and complex animal virus
Presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are hallmark of infection

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11
Q

What are examples of poxviridae?

A

Avipoxvirus, suipoxvirus, leporipoxvirus, parapoxvirus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus species Orf virus, orthopoxvirus species cowpox virus, orthopoxvirus species variola virus variant major and minor, monkeypox

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12
Q

What are the three zoonotic pox DNA virus?

A

Parapoxvirus species Orf virus, orthopoxvirus species cowpox virus, monkeypox

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13
Q

What is the natural host reservoir and transmission methods to humans for monkeypox?

A

Natural host reservoir: monkeys, rodents
Transmission: direct contact with bodily fluids, bites, scratches, consumption of raw or improperly cooked bushmeat

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14
Q

How can monkeypox be transmitted between humans?

A

Direct contact with lesions, body fluids, and respiratory droplets
Vertical transmission
Face, mouth, or Skin to skin

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15
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of parvoviridae? How can it replicate? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: Linear ssDNA, non-enveloped, stable, release by lysis
Transmission: respiratory, oral droplets of fecal-oral route
Replicate autonomously in active cycling cells

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16
Q

What are examples of epidemiology of parvoviridae in humans, canines, felines, and pigs?

A

Human parvovirus B19: erythema infectious (fifth disease) in children
Protoparvovirus species Canine parvovirus 2: 80% in puppies
Feline panleukopenia virus: in kittens with panluekopenia and cerebellar hypoplasia
Porcine parvovirus: Repro failure with no maternal signs; SMEDI

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17
Q

What are the characteristics and hosts of herpesviridae? Who experiences severe diseases? (Genetic material, enveloped, release, special qualities)

A

Characteristics: linear dsDNA, tegument, enveloped, enveloped by budding at nucleus membrane, release by exocytosis
Hosts: literally everyone
In neonates, fetuses, and immunocompromised individuals

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18
Q

What type of infection does herpesviridae cause? Where would we find the viral DNA be released into and what happens there?

A

Latent infection
Found in Neuronal cell bodies where it circularizes and circular DNA persists in neuronal cell nucleus

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19
Q

In each species of herpesviridae, what disease would it cause and what is its transmission method?
Suid, bovine, Gallid, canine herpesvirus

A

Suid: Aujesky’s disease and psuedorabies| nose to nose contact, aerosols
Bovine: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis | nose to nose contact, aerosols
Gallid: Avian laryngotracheitis & mareks disease| aerosolized dust
Canine: hemorrhagic disease in puppies | airborne (sneezing)

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20
Q

T/F: herpesviridae is capable of species jumping in animals

A

True

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21
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of papillomaviridae? (Genetic material, release, envelope)

A

Characteristics: circular dsDNA, non-enveloped, small, released by desquamation
Transmission: sexual or close direct contact

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22
Q

What are some key traits to remember about papillomaviridae (its specificity, effects of infection)

A

Highly host and tissue-specific
Infections are either asymptomatic or causing benign tumors = warts or papillomas, but may transform and become maligant

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23
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission methods of polyomaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)

A

Characteristics: circular dsDNA, non-enveloped, release by lysis
Transmission: aerosolized dust, contaminated feces, egg transmission

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24
Q

What are the hosts, cell tropism, and epidemiology of polyomaviridae?

A

Hosts: mammals and birds
Cell tropism: respiratory system, kidneys, brain
Epidemiology: Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus & simian polyomavirus (SV40)

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25
What are the characteristics and transmission methods of hepadnaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)
Characteristics: partially circular dsDNA, enveloped, reverse transcriptase, released by exocytosis Transmission methods: parenteral, sexual, blood
26
What are the hosts, cell tropism, and epidemiology of hepadnaviridae?
Hosts: humans, apes, birds Cell tropism: hepatocytes Epidemiology: hepatitis B virus
27
What are the characteristics and trasmission methods of retroviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special characteristics)
Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, icosahedral capsid, envelope with GAG proteins, release by budding, psuedodiploid genome Transmission: cell-to-cell, fluids, airborne
28
What does it mean retroviridae is a pseudodiploid genome? How can retroviridae insert its genome into the host genome
Psuedodiploid genome: 2 identical (+)sense ssRNA strands RNA is reverse transcribed to DNA -intermediates via reverse transcriptase, and retrovirus DNA is inserted in host genome as provirus
29
What are the three important viral enzymes of retroviridae? Are actively dividing cells required for building genetic material of retroviridae? Are there any exceptions to whether or not retroviridae would need these kinds of cells?
Important enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase (integration of viral DNA into host’s genome), RNA polymerase II (protea lytic cleavage during virion maturation) Active cells are required EXCEPT genus Lentivirus (can integrate in non dividing host cells)
30
Is the range that Retroviridae can infect wide or narrow? Generally speaking, what kind of sicknesses are associated with retroviridae?
Wide range Associated with immunodeficiency syndromes and cancer
31
What is the difference between oncovirus and procto-oncogene?
Oncivirus: any virus with DNA or RNA genome causing cancer Proto-oncogene: gene that encodes for proteins regulations cell growth and differentiation and can become an oncogene
32
In the mechanisms of transformation of retroviridae, what are the two ways and differentiate between the two.
Acutely transforming retrovirus: proto-oncogene already incorporated in the DNA of a normal cell —> infection of cell & integration of proto-oncogene —> viral oncogene leaves infects new host cell —(reverse transcriptase)—> integration and expression of viral oncogene —(neoplastic transformation)—> cancer cell Slowly transforming retrovirus: proto-oncogene already incorporated in the DNA of a normal cell —> infection with retrovirus carrying promoter gene to present proto-oncogene—(reverse transcriptase)—> integration of promoter gene adjacent to proto-oncogene—> conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogene —> cancer cell Both lead to cancer cell, both starts with proto-oncogene
33
What are the examples of retrovirus?
Avian leukosis, enzootic nasal tumor, jaagsiekte, bovine leukosis, equine infectious anemia AKA swamp fever, & feline leukemia, feline immunodeficiency
34
What is the species, host, and effect of avian leukosis?
Species Avian sarcoma leucosis virus (ASLV or ALV) Host: poultry Effect: lymphoid leukosis and lymphoma (blood cell tumor from lymphocytes)
35
What is the species, host, and effect of enzootic nasal tumor?
Genus Betaretrovirus, species Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) Host: sheep, goats Efffect: tumors in the nasal epithelium
36
What is the species, host, and effect of jaagsiekte?
Genus Betaretrovirus, species Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) Host: sheep, goats Effect: contagious lung cancer or ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (respir distress when you chase animal)
37
What is the species, host, and effect of bovine leukosis?
Genus Deltaretrovirus, species Bocine Leukemia (BLV) Host: cattle Effect: enlargement of lymph nodes (eg retro-ocular —> protrusion of conjunctival membrane)
38
What is the species, host, effects and mechanical vectors of equine infecous anemia AKA swamp fever?
Genus Lentivirus, species Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Host: equidae Effects: anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, weight loss, swelling of legs Mechanical vectors: stable flies
39
What is the species, host, and transmission methods of feline leukemia?
Genus Gamamaretrovirus, species Feline Leukemia Virus (FLV) Host: Felids Transmission: close contact with nasal or saliva secretions, to a lesser extent through milk and blood , but infection in uteri possible
40
What are the clinical signs and prevention methods for feline leukemia?
Clinical signs: lethargy, fever, stomatitis, opportunistic infections, bone marrow disorders, (immunosuppressive or in final stage lymphomas) Prevention methods: vaccines and more intense testing
41
What is the genus&species, host, and transmission methods of feline immunodeficiency?
Genus Lentivirus, species Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Host: cats, endemic in African lions Transmission methods: bite injuries (saliva)
42
What does the attack on the immune system cause on feline immunodeficiency. Explain its viral method of infecting cells in feline immunodeficiency?
Clinical signs: attack on immune system —> anemia, low WBC count —> secondary infections, cancer, neurological diseases Virus infects CD4-T cells, B cells, CD8-T cells, B cells, macrophages—> depletion of CD4-T cells
43
How can we diagnose and control feline immunodeficiency?
Diagnosis: detection of antibodies —> seropositive Control: spay or neutering cats (no need to euthanize)
44
What are the characteristics, hosts, and transmission methods of rhabdoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities)
Characteristics: linear (-)sense ssRNA, helical nucleocapsids, enveloped, bullet shaped, released by budding Hosts: (in)vertebrates Transmission: animal bite —> saliva (rabies)
45
What is the ribonuceloprotein complex and Negri body of rhabdoviridae?
RNPC: RNA bound by viral nuceloprotein Negri body: eosinophilic, inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm of infected nerve cells
46
What is the species, reservoir, and downstream effects after animal bite of rabies?
Genus Lyssavirus, species Rabiesvirus Reservoir: dogs, cats, wild canids & felids, bats, mongooses (depends on regional area) Animal bite —> initial replication in myocytes—> transport through peripheral nerves —> CNS —> neuronal infection
47
T/F: the rabies virus is shed in blood of infected animals. It is a slow moving virus (~distance bite to brain) with an incubation time of 3-8d in dogs
False; rabies virus is shed in saliva of infected animals and slow moving virus of 3-8 wks
48
After the rabies virus reaches the brain, define the three phases.
1. Prodomal Phase (2-3d): nervousness, anxiety, solitude, different behavior. Licking of bite site is mostly observed 2. Furious phase (1-7$): restless, irritable, hyperresponsive to visual and auditory stimuli, roaming, disoriented 3. Paralytic phase: salivate (inability to swallow), deep labored breathing, paralyzed facial muscles, respiratory failure and death
49
How can detect rabies?
Direct fluorescent antibody test to look for presence of Rabies virus antigens in brain tissue,BUT NOT IN BLOOD
50
Which RNA viruses are zoonotic?
Rabies, Ebola, Marburg haemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, arbovirus (mostly)
51
What are characteristics of orthomyxoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release, special qualities
Segmented linear -sense ssRNA,enveloped with glycoprotein spikes (neuraminidase, NA, or N and haemaglutinin, HA, or H), release by budding replicate inside the nucleus
52
What are the three genera of orthomyxoviridae defined by antigenic differences in nucleoporotein and matrixprotein?
Influenza virus A, B or C
53
What is the order of international nomenclature of influenza viruses?
Virus type, (host of origin - if non human host of origin), geographic origin, strain number, year of isolation, virus subtype
54
Define reassortment of flu epi- and pandemic.
Mixing of genetic material of species into new combinations, resulting in a reassortant virus
55
What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
Drift: small changes in genes that happen continually over time as the virus replicates (Influenza A, B) Shift: abrupt, major genetic changes in Influenza A viruses, resulting in new HA and/or new NA proteins —> new influenza A subtype
56
What is an example of a disease caused by orthomyxoviridae in pigs? Which virus causes it and what is the methods of transmission?
Swine Flu Influenza A virus (common), Influenza B (not reported), Influenza C (rare) Transmitted through direct contact (can survive up to 3mo in pigs)
57
What are the characteristics and reservoir of filoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, special qualities)
Characteristics: linear -sense ssRNA, filamentous or pleomorphic***, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped with spikes Reservoir: fruit bats, occasional humans, primates
58
What are the transmission methods of filoviridae? Where do their cytopathic infections occur?
Contact with bodily fluids Cytopathic infections in cultured cells or target organs of host
59
What are the two examples of viruses from filoviridae?
Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever
60
What is the genus and process of infection of Ebola?
Genus: ebolavirus Infection of monocytes —> release of cytokines —> endothelial injury —> hemorrhage
61
What is the genus of Marburg haemorrhagic fever? What would you see in one’s body who is infected?
Marburgvirus Bleeding all over body
62
How would transmission from Animal to human of Marburg haemorrhagic fever be different in human to human?
A—>H: bat feces and aerosols H—>H: direct contact body fluids
63
What are the characteristics, transmission methods and hosts of reoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope)
Characteristics: linear dsRNA, double capsid, non-enveloped Transmission: fecal-oral Host: (in)vertebrates
64
What is the tissue tropism and diseases of reoviridae?
Tropism for mucosal gut and respiratory cells (respiratory enteric orphan) Disease: respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis
65
What are the diseases that reoviridae can cause?
Blue tongue and viral diarrhea
66
What is the species, host, and transmission method of bluetongue?
Genus orbivirus, species bluetongue virus Host: sheep Transmission method: arthopode bite
67
Is bluetongue an acute or chronic disease? Is it contagious?
Acute disease with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible breeds, but non contagious Torticollis —> dancing dz
68
What is the genus, host, and transmission methods of viral diarrhea?
Genus: rota virus (diff species) Host: children, infants, young of many animals Transmission: fecal-oral
69
What are the characteristics, transmission methods, and hosts of paramyxoviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)
Characteristics: linear -sense ssRNA, enveloped, release by budding Transmission: inhalation of small droplets Hosts: vertebrates, humans
70
What is the epidemiology of paramyxoviridae?
Epidemiology: humans - measles mumps, animals - canine distemper, rinderpest, Newcastle disease
71
What is the difference between orthomyxoviridae and paramyxoviridae?
O: segmented genome allows for antigenic shift P: non segmented genome, one serotype - > long term immunity
72
What is the species, hosts, transmission methods, and prevention methods of canine distemper?
Canine distemper virus Hosts: dogs, coyotes, wolves, foxes, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, other wild carnivores Transmission: airborne Prevention through vax
73
What does canine distemper attack and what are the symptoms?
Attack respiratory, GI, and nervous system Symptoms: fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, nasal discharge, coughing, circling behavior, muscle twitches, seizures, convulsion
74
What is the species, 3D’s, and host of rinderpest? is rinderpest eradicated?
Species: rinderpest virus 3D’s: dead, discharge, diarrhea Host: cattle Yes
75
What is the species, host, transmission method and control of Newcastle disease?
Species: Newcastle disease virus Host: poultry and other bird species Transmission: respiratory discharge and feces Control: vax and sanitary measures
76
What are the characteristics, hosts, and transmission methods of coronaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)
Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, enveloped with peplomers (petal shaped spikes), release by exocytosis Hosts: vertebrates, humans Transmission methods: inhalation of small droplets, fecal-oral route
77
What is the primary site of infection and epidemiology of coronaviridae?
Epithelial cells of respiratory and intestinal tract Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), Transmissible gastroenteritis virus swine (TGEV)
78
What is the the species, forms, transmission methods and hosts of feline infectious peritonitis?
Species: feline coronavirus (FCov) Forms: feline enteric coronavirus (FEVC), Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus (FIPV) Transmission methods: fecal-oral —> highly contagious Hosts: felidae
79
What is an example of a disease within the rhabdoviridae?
Rabies
80
What is the difference between dry or non-effusive and wet or effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Dry: loss of appetite, weight loss, yellowing inside eyes, iris color change, 15% neurological signs Wet; damaged and leaking blood vessels, ascites, difficult breathing
81
What is the species and initial flu like symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)
Species: SARS coronavirus Symptoms: fever, headache, muscle pain followed within 14d by respiratory symptoms (ex dyspnea, pneumonia)
82
What is the characteristics, hosts and transmission methods of flaviviridae? (Genetic material, enveloped, release)
Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA; enveloped; surface proteins organized in icosahedral-like symmetry; release by exocytosis Host: human, mammals Transmission: via vector (mosquitoes, ticks)
83
What are examples of diseases caused by flaviviridae?
West Nile fever, bovine viral diarrhea, Zika fever
84
What is species, natural host, and effects in humans and horses of West Nile fever?
Species: West Nile virus Host: birds Effects: fatal, neurological humans; severe death or disease in horses
85
What is the species, and general and direct effects of bovine viral diarrhea?
Species: bovine viral diarrhea virus Immunosuppressive effect Direct effect on respiratory system and fertility
86
What does a bovine viral diarrhea infection in a susceptible dam result in? Why? What effect would BVD have on cattle owners?
Results in persistent infected fetus Persistent infected animals recognize intracellular BVD as “self” and shed virus throughout life Economic disease of cattle
87
T/F: bovine viral diarrhea only results in cytopathic biotypes
False, both cytopathic and non-cytopathic biotypes **
88
How does the transient infection of bovine viral diarrhea and timing of infection affect the fetus during gestation?
Before d30, early embryonic death D30-d110, immunotolerance where the persistently infected fetus would have a noncytopathic infection that could be mutated to cytopathic which would cause mucosal dz or fatal hemorrhagic dz After d110, abortion or malformation
89
T/F: if a cow is infected with bovine viral diarrhea at month 7 of gestation, a fetus can be born sero-positive and produce antibodies to it and be persistently infected
False, they would not be persistently infected
90
What is the species, symptoms and transmission methods of Zika fever?
Zika virus Fever, red eyes, rash, joint pain, headache Transmission: daytime active mosquito, sexually
91
What are the characteristics and hosts of togaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)
Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, enveloped, release by budding Hosts: humans, mammals, birds, mosquitoes
92
What is arboviruses in togaviridae? How are they maintained in nature?
Arthropod borne virus; virus that replicates in and is transmitted by arthropods Maintained by going through a cycle between host and vector (birds, rodents, non-human primates)
93
What is the difference between enzootic and epizootic disease
Enzootic: endemic in animal population Epizootic: epidemic outbreak of a disease in animal population
94
What are the characteristics, and hosts of picornaviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)
Characteristics: linear +sense ssRNA, nonenveloped, release by Lysis Host: vertebrates
95
What is the cell tropism of picornaviridae?
Enterovirises: GI tract - rhinovirus: upper respiratory tract (“common cold”) Aphtoviruses: epithelium Hepatoviruses: liver Cardio viruses: GI tract primary site of infection, then heart and CNS
96
What are diseases caused by picornaviridae?
Foot and mouth disease and poliomyelitis
97
What is the species, hosts, transmission methods, and symptoms of foot and mouth disease?
Foot and mouth disease Species: foot and mouth virus Host: cattle,pigs, sheep, goat Transmission: excretions and secretions of infected animal High fever, blisters in mouth and feet, high mortality in young animals
98
What is the species, hosts, and transmission methods of poliomyelitis?
Species: poliovirus Host: humans (young children) Transmission: fecal-oral
99
What are the downstream effects of poliomyelitis after infection? What does its rapid replication cause?
Multiplies in intestines—> viremia —> CNS —> deformation Overwhelmed the immune system
100
What are the characteristics of caliciviridae? (Genetic material, envelope, release)
Linear +sense ssRNA, nonenveloped, release by cell lysis
101
What is the epidemiology of caliciviridae in cats and rabbits? How is each disease spread?
Genus Vesuvius:airborne transmission (cats) —> respiratory dz Genus Lagovirus: direct contact (rabbits) —> haemorrhagic dz Genus nitro virus: fecal-oral transmission (humans, mammals) —> acute gastroenteritis (very contagious)
102
What is the species, symptoms, effects of feline calicivirus?
Feline calicivirus Sneezing, nasal discharge, stomatitis, pneumonia Respiratory infection
103
What are the three lines of defense?
1: chemical barriers, mechanical barriers, reflexes 2: innate immunity 3: adaptive immunity
104
What is included in the innate immune system response to viral infections?
Pathogen recognition: pathogen asssociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by pattern recognition receptors on immune cells —> release of cytokines (IL’s and IFN”s) —> inflammation + phagocytosis Infected cell recognition: NK cells recognized MHC Class I molecules altered —> prod of destructive proteins —> apoptosis
105
What is included in the adaptive immune system response to viral infections?
Cellular immunity: activation of helper T cells —> cytotoxic Tcells —> apoptosis of infected host cells Hunoral immunity: activation of helper Bcells —> plasma cells —> antibodies production #p—> memory
106
What are examples of viral escape mechanisms?
Causing generalized immunosuppression Changing antigens Interfere with apoptosis Shutting down cytokine synthesis Produ cytokine homologues Virus specific gene silence Restricted gene expression during gene expression during latency
107
What is the purpose of antiviral drugs? Examples of these drugs.
Interfere with virus replication Acyclovir: inhibits DNA replication without affecting host cell processes Interferon: inhibit translation of viral RNA into protein
108
Define immunoprophylaxis.
Prevention of dz by production of active or passsive immunity
109
What are the ways passive immunization works for immunoprophylaxis?
Administration of antibodies, vac of the pregnant dam will result in transfer of passive immunity to the offspring
110
What are the ways active immunization works for immunoprophylaxis?
Most effective way of preventing viral infections Vaccines (live atten, inactivated, recombinant)
111
Define live attenuated vaccines. (Methods of administration, examples)
Vaccines containing viable virus but with reduced virulence Methods: parenteral, oral, nasal Ex: influenza, measles vax
112
Define inactivated vaccines. What chemcials used for inactivation of virus
Vac containing killed virus particles Chemicals: formaldehyde, B-propiolactone, ethylenimine
113
What are recombinant vaccines? Define adjuvant
Vaccines that rely on protein antigens to induce immunity against the virus Adjuvant: formulations added to vaccines to improve their immunogenicity
114
T/F: mRNA vaccines teach our cells to make a (piece of) protein that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. This response protects us, and in that viral mRNA does have to interact with the host cell DNA
False, it does not interact with host cell DNA
115
What are prions?
Misfolded proteinaceous particles that don’t have nucleic acids and are encoded by the PRNP gene and infect animals and humans without inducing an immune response
116
T/F: prions are extremely resistant to physical and chemical methods of inactivation and lead to tissue necrosis
True
117
What are examples of transmissible spongiform encephalitis (TSEs) of prion disease in sheep, cattle, and cats
Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, feline spongiform encephalopathy
118
What are the symptoms of scrapie in sheep?
Restless, fine tremors, itching, —> scrape against objects, emaciation

VP - Microbio (5 decks)

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