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VP - Microbio > Wk 10 > Flashcards

Wk 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an obligate intracellular pathogen?

A

They can only reproduce inside the infected host cell (ex rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia)

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2
Q

What is a facultative intracellular pathogen? What is an example ?

A

They can survive intra- and extra- cellular (ex mycobacterium)

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3
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

Infectious microbe —> reservoir —> portal of exit —> modes of transmission —> portal of entry —> susceptible host —> infectious microbe

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4
Q

What is staphylococcus? Where is their reservoir?

A

G+ grape like cluster bacteria
Reservoir: on skin and mucous membranes of animals and humans —> commensalism (upper respiratory tract, lower urogenital tract, gastrointestinal tract)

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5
Q

What are the species of importance in staphylococcus? What is pyogenic infections?

A

S. Aureus, pseudintermedius, hyicus
Pyogenic: suppuration infections with pad filled lesions (-abscess)

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6
Q

In the case of S. Pseudintermidus, what infections can arise, and what are their hosts? Explain each infection

A

Pyoderma: local suppuration skin infections
Otitis externa: main cause often parasites, food allergies, foreign bodies, w staphylococci as secondary infection
Host: dog, cat

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7
Q

What triggers bacterial pyoderma? What change in the host can cause this?

A

Triggered by overgrowth of normal resident or transient skin microbiota
Any skin that changes from the normal dry, desert-like envt to a more humid environment can predispose the host to bacterial overcolonization

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8
Q

What infection can S. Aureus cause in cattle and small ruminants ? How do they present and what downstream effect do they cause?

A

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis, which is contagious and majority is not cleared by immune system.
Present: chronic, low-grade, subclinical; range from peracute gangrenous to chronic mastitis
Effect: production loss

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9
Q

How can you control for bovine staphylococcal mastitis?

A

Proper milking technique and good hygiene at milking time,
dry cow therapy after drying off,
detect subclinical infection (segregation of infected cows, antimicrobial treatment, cull chronic cows),
prevent introduction of positive cows to herd

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10
Q

What two infections can S. Aureus mediate in humans and multiple species and how?

A

Staphylococcal toxin shock syndrome (TSS): caused by the effect of superantigens entering the bloodstream
Food poisoning: caused by eating food that aureus has multiplied and produced enterotoxins

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11
Q

How can one acquire methicillin resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) and what mediated this resistance?

A

Acquisition: nosocomial infections and community
Resistance mediated by mecA gene resulting in altered penicillin binding proteins

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12
Q

What is the reservoir of streptococcus and how do they evade phagocytosis ?

A

On mucus membranes of animals and humans —> commensals (upper respiratory tract and lower urogenital tract)
Capsule

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13
Q

Describe streptococcus’s infection. What are their species of importance (including humans) and corresponding disease (excluding humans)

A

Host specific suppurative infections, local and system including septicemia, throat and adjacent lymph node infections
Species:
Pyogenes (human)
Agalactiae (cattle): contagious mastitis (milk ducts)
Dysagalctiae (cattle): environmental mastitis (skin, buffalo cavity)
Equi (horses): strangles

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14
Q

Describe S. Equi (host, method of infection, transmission)

A

Host: horses
MOI: very contagious febrile disease involving the upper respiratory tract with abscess action of regional lymph nodes in equines —> swollen lymph nodes can cause airway obstruction leading to death (strangles)
Transmission: direct or indirect contact with purulent exudates

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15
Q

Describe the difference between S. Agalactiae and S. Dysagalactiae in how they cause streptococcal mastitis

A

Agalactiae: colonize milk ducts —> persistent infection with intermittent bouts of acute mastitis (chronic mastitis)
Dysagalactiae: colonize buccal cavity, genitalia and skin of mammary gland —> acute mastitis

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16
Q

T/F: gram negative cocci are prevalent in vet medicine

A

False, there are none in vet medicine

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17
Q

What are some characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes (reservoir, gram stain, shape, how they grow/type of pathogen, clinical symptoms)

A

Gram + rods/bacilli
Reservoir: ubiquitous in envt, psychrophilic (grow in fridge), facultative intracellular bacteria that can persist in macrophages (use actin filaments to travel thru cells)
Clinical symptoms: septicemia, abortion, encephalitis

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18
Q

What is the infection that listeria monocytogenes can cause in cattle and small ruminants? How does it grow, and how is it most readily recognized?

A

Circling disease, silage disease, listeriosis
Winter-spring disease of feedlot or housed ruminants: less acidic pH of spoiled silage enhances multiplication
Readily recognized by encephalitis

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19
Q

Describe erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (gram staining, shape, reservoir, syndromes, and what is pathognomonic for the disease)

A

G+ bacilli
Reservoir: widespread in tonsils and intestines of many species
Four syndromes: septicemia, arthritis,endocarditis, dermatopathy
Diamond skin lesions

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20
Q

Describe corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Gram staining, shape, reservoir, host, type of pathogen)

A

G+ rods
Reservoir: soil, mucus membranes —> commensals
Host: small ruminants
Facultative intracellular pathogens that survive in macrophages

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21
Q

What kind of disease can corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis cause? What is it? What animals are they in?

A

Caseous lymphadenitis: abscessation and enlargement of superficial or internal lymph nodes in sheep and goats

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22
Q

Examples of Streptococcus bacteria.

A

Pyogenes, Agalactiae, Dysagalactiae, Equi

23
Q

Examples of gram positive bacilli

A

Listeria monocytogenes, erythsipelothrix rhusiopathiae, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis

24
Q

Examples of gram positive anaerobic bacilli

A

Clostridium (c tetani, c. Botulinum)

25
Q

Describe bacillus anthracis (type of pathogen, what it forms, reservoir)

A

Aerobes or facultative anaerobes, obligate mammalian pathogen, endospore-forming
Reservoir: ubiquitous in soil

26
Q

Describe anthrax (species they infect, source of infection, virulence factors)

A

Species: cattle
SOI: soil contaminated with spores
Virulence factors: bacillus anthracis capsule, tripartite anthrax toxin composed of protective antigen, edema factor, lethal factor

27
Q

Describe per acute septicemia in ruminants (what causes it, what it is, and what is seen postmortem)

A

Bacillus anthracis
Rapidly fatal disease with respiratory distress and shock with bleeding from orifices
Postmortem: dark, unclothed blood, incomplete rigor mortis, splenomegaly

28
Q

What is an example of gram positive anaerobic bacilli? Describe the type of pathogen (obligate or facultative), its virulence factors, and the groups of them

A

Clostridium
Obligate anaerobes and powerful toxin producers
Endospore forming
Neurotoxin, histotoxin, enteropathogenic/entertotaxemia producing clostridia

29
Q

What is tetanus (caused by what bacteria, reservoir, host, definition, what it produces)

A

C. Tetani (nuerotoxin)
Soil, mammalian intestines
Horses, humans
Acute, potentially fatal intoxication causing spastic paralysis (after growth of bacteria in contaminated wounds)
Produces tetanospasmin and tetanolysin

30
Q

What is botulism (caused by what bacteria, reservoir, definition, what it causes)

A

C. Botulism
Reservoir: soil
Definition: intoxication by ingestion of pre-formed neurotoxin where there is germination of endospores with growth of vegetative cells and toxin production in rotting carcasses decaying vegetation and contaminated canned foods
Causes flaccid paralysis

31
Q

What are the examples of G- rods?

A

Enterbacteriaceae, Brucella, Bordetella bronchiseptica

32
Q

In the group of enterobacteriaceae, what is their reservoir? What does “coliforme bacteria” indicative of?

A

Present in water, soil, and GI tract
Indicative of fecal contamination

33
Q

What are the important major pathogens versus opportunistic pathogens of enterobacteriaceae?

A

Important: Escherichia coli, salmonella serotypes, yersinia spp
Opportunistic: proteus, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter aerogenes

34
Q

Where is the reservoir of Escherichia coli? Would you see pathogen strains here? Where can they pathogenic?

A

Reservoir: commensals of the GI tract of animals/humans
No, you would not
Opportunistic infections in extra-intestinal locations (ex mammary gland, urinary tract)

35
Q

What is neonatal colisepticemia in calves/lambs/poultry?

A

It invades the bloodstream and cause fatal disease with depression, weakness, tachycardia, hypothermia, diarrhea

36
Q

What is the edema disease in piglets versus coliform mastitis? What bacteria causes both of these?

A

Edema: toxemia occurring 1-2 weeks after weaning in rapidly growing pigs; toxin produced in blood, damage endothelial cells with perivascular edema
Mastitis: fecal contamination of the mammary gland where secretion is watery with white flecks
Bacteria: Escherichia coli

37
Q

T/F: Majority of veterinary important strains belong to S. Enterica, where serotypes occur worldwide in many mammals, birds, and reptiles and are excreted in feces.

A

True

38
Q

What is the difference in S. Enteritidis versus S. Dublin of salmonella serotypes (ex Newport, typhimurium)

A

Enteritidis: infects ovaries of chicken and can be isolated from eggs
Dublin: in cattle, can cause wide range of diseases including septicemia, abortion, osteomyelitis, subclinical fecal excretors, and latent carriers in gallbladder

39
Q

T/F: Salmonella serotypes is not a zoonotic disease, where consuming contaminated foodstuffs and directly contacting with infected animals or contaminated items is acceptable

A

False.

40
Q

What is the predilection site and reservoir of Brucella?

A

Predilection: both sexes reproductive organs
Reservoir: infected animals (bacteria survive in macrophages)

41
Q

What important pathogens cause brucellosis? What do they cause in their respective species?

A

B. Abortus: abortion in cattle
B. Melitensis: abortion in sheep
B. Canis: abortion, epididymitis, sterility in dogs
B. Suis: abortion, orchitis, arthritis, infertility in pigs

42
Q

Since Brucella is a zoonotic disease, what are ways you can become infected?

A

Direct contact with secretion or excretions of infected animals (skin, inhalation, ingestion)
Raw milk and dairy products made with unpasteurized milk

43
Q

Of these three species of Brucella (B. Melitensis, B. Ovis, B. Suis), which ones are the highest zoonotic risk versus no risk?

A

Highest: b. Melitensis, b. Suis
No: b. Ovis

44
Q

Wha disease does bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs? How does this happen? What are the symptoms? How to induce local protective immunity?

A

Kennel cough aka canine infectious tracheobronchitis
Co-infection with canine Adenovirus
Coughing, gagging, oculi-nasal discharge
Intranasal vaccines induce local protective immunity

45
Q

Wha disease does bordetella bronchiseptica cause in pigs? What is it?

A

Atrophic rhinitis
Facilitate colonization by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida —> severe atrophic rhinitis and distortion of the snout

46
Q

Leptospira (gram staining, shape, reservoir, under what conditions is it sensitive to)

A

G- spirochete
Multiple reservoir animals
Sensitive to desiccation and in the environment

47
Q

T/F: pathogenic leptospirosis are in renal tubules or genital tract. They are a widespread, underdiagnosed zoonotic disease. They can cause an epidemic following natural disasters and free live in wet environments

A

True

48
Q

Compare leptospirosis in pigs, cattle, dogs, and horses versus humans

A

Pigs, cattle, dogs, horses: reproductive failure, abortion, stillbirths, acute septicemic disease
Human: influenza-like illness, occasionally liver or kidney disease

49
Q

What are the examples of spirochetes?

A

Leptospira, borrelia burgdorferi

50
Q

What does borrelia burgdorferi cause in animals and humans? What is their vector? How can the infections manifest in dogs? Which type of infection is more popular?

A

Lyme disease
Vector: tick
Most infections are subclinical, but when clinical, signs are fever, lethargy, arthtitic, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbances

51
Q

What infections can mycoplasma cause in cattle versus pigs?

A

Cattle: mastitis, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and arthritis
Pigs: enzootic pneumonia

52
Q

What type of bacteria is rickettsiales (obligate or facultative intracellular)? How are they transmitted?

A

Obligate intracellular bacteria; transmitted through ticks

53
Q

What systemic diseases in humans and animals in defined geographical regions are caused by Rickettsiales?

A

Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, ehrlichiosis, heartwater in ruminants

54
Q

T/F: enterobacteriaceae are G+ bacilli

A

False G-

VP - Microbio (5 decks)

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