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PSYC2020 Q3 > Wk 12 - Higher Cortical Functions > Flashcards

Wk 12 - Higher Cortical Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Three brain regions responsible for higher cortical functions

A

Prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate

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2
Q

The frontal lobes are responsible for…(x9)

A 
Supervisory functions:
Working memory and flexibility
Inhibition
Control
Interacting with social/physical environment; and
Temporal ordering of memories
Planning and selection of goals
Social and emotional decision-making
Personality and behaviour
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3
Q

Describe the effects of massive frontal lobe damage on Phineas Gage, 1848 (x5)

A 
Dramatic personality shifts:
Fitful, irreverent, profane
Impatient, stubborn, irritable
Often confused; and
Unable to plan future actions
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4
Q

Arnold Pick, 1892, described patient who had…(x4)

A

Progressive speech loss
Dementia
Localised frontotemporal atrophy - knifelike gyri and ventricular dilation
Swollen brain cells (Pick cells) with abnormal tau protein inclusions

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5
Q

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD/Pick’s) patients exhibit… (x7)

A

Abnormal spontaneous behaviours:
Inappropriate jocularity
Echolalia and echopraxia
Disinhibition and
Utilisation behaviours - inappropriate grabbing/use of objects.
Unkempt, depressed
Reemergence of primitive reflexes - grasp, suck, snout, toes

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6
Q

The first two years of Pick’s disease are characterised by… (x5)

A

Psychiatric abnormalities:
Orbitofrontal dysfunction - aggression, socially inappropriate, apathy, disinhibition; and
Dorsomedial or dorsolateral frontal dysfunction - lack of concern, decreased sponteneity.
Rapid development of speech abnormalities - nonfluent, poor naming
Movement - akinesia, rigidity, paratonia, perseveration

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7
Q

Frontal lobotomies were originally performed by…(x3)

But were…(x1)

A

Inserting a leucotome through the skull or over eye
Depressing the button extruded cutting wire
Rotate device to cut out sphere of tissue
Not very successful - deaths, additional health issues produced

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8
Q

Walter Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, which involved…

A

Inserting an icepick over the eyeball
And swinging it about
To cut fibres connecting emotional centres with frontal lobes

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9
Q

Frontal lobotomy effects (x7)

A

‘Successful’ - less straight jacket time, some went home
Ps were ‘stimulus bound’
No response to imaginary situations, rules, future plans
Weight gain
Sexual promiscuity - vulnerable to exploitation
Couldn’t form/sustain goals
Distractable

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10
Q

Patient WR ‘lost his ego’ - frontal lobe problems indicated by…(x7)

A

Graduated law, but
No bar exam, worked as tennis instructory
No motivation, drifting
Poor finances
Demotivated to tennis, lost job
No interest in romance
Understood things were wrong/problematic, but couldn’t bring himself to care/make plans

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11
Q

WR, ‘man who lost his ego’ was diagnosed when… (x2)

Responses of WR/brother?

A

Second, and too late, CT revealed
Extreme astrocytoma - through collosal fibres, lateral prefrontal cortex in left and most of right hemisphere
Passive detachment, lack of concern
Devastation

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12
Q

Gliomas are…

A

Most common (40-50%) of brain tumors
Fast growing
Arising from any type of glial cell
Hence, gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas

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13
Q

Frontal lobe dysfunction behaviours include…(x6)

A 
Apathy
Irritability, aggression
Poor social control, inappropriateness
Poor planning, self-direction
Distractibility
Stimulus-bound: Hyper-responsive to stimuli in the environment
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14
Q

The functions of the lateral prefrontal cortex (x6)

A 
Working memory
Stimulus-driven behaviour (eg Utilisation)
Concept formation
Concept shifting 
Temporal organisation / chronogenesis
Goal-oriented behaviour
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15
Q

Baddely and Hitch described the working memory as…(x4)

A

Filling the gap between STM and LTM
On-line manipulation of info
Ltd capacity over short term
Performing mental operations (NOT rehearsal) on contents of store
Contents - new sensory and/or retrieved info

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16
Q

WM can be tested through…

A

Having Ps reorganise strings of letters and numbers into alphanumeric order

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17
Q

McCarthy et al compare spatial with WM in task involving…(x3)
Finding…(x1)

A

Ps in fMRI, responding to
Spatial WM task - when coloured blob appeared at previously used location
Spatial memory/colour task - respond when red object appears
Lateral prefrontal activation during WM task

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18
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction can lead to…(x1)
As shown in the…(name and describe x3)
With Ps displaying…(x1)

A

Concept perseveration
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - WM task = combining past/present info, manipulating it to give new response
Four categories of cards, based on colour, shape, number of objects
Ps have to extract sorting principle applied by E, and
Then figure out how to change when E does
Perseveration errors - no category shift

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19
Q

Konishi et al use a computerised Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to show that…(x3)
And found..(x1)

A

Prefronal cortex function is not activation based on features, but
On the dampening down, inhibiting of possible alternative, such that
Prefrontal activation is a function of how much dampening needs doing
Greatest activation when 3 dimensions used in card shift - req’d suppression of two categories

20
Q

Role of the prefrontal cortex in the temporal organisation of memory is shown by…(x2)
For example..(x1)

A

Ps who can recognise and recall events, but
Can’t arrange events in correct temporal order (make recency judgments)
Ps with FL lesion who could remember ingredients, but not put actions in sequence to cook - unable to plan/achieve goal

21
Q

Prefrontal cortex role in goal oriented behaviour is due to its function in… (x2)
As shown by findings that…(x1)

A

Attention allocation
ie the need to attend to the goal, keep the eye on the prize
Even with a list, Ps fail to shop properly - don’t pay, can’t choose alternative items is req’d

22
Q

Planning and selecting an action requires…(x1)

Meaning that there’s

A

Hierarchy of goals - ultimate, plus subgoals

So many stages where a stimulus bound frontal lobe patient, who can’t arrange things in time, is going to have problems…

23
Q

Duncan described goal neglect in frontal lobe Ps as…(x3)

A

Failure to:
Identify / select goal and develop appropriate subgoals
Anticipate consequences
Determine what is required to achieve subgoals

24
Q

Selecting appropriate subgoals requires…(x2)

Eg (x1)

A

Filtering irrelevant info - eye on the prize
Selecting BEST way to achieve = evaluation - consider, accept/reject other subgoals
Eg save money for holiday by not eating out, rather than not paying rent

25
Q

The anterior cingulate cortex was originally thought to be…(x1)
But is now shown to…(x1)
With inputs/outputs from/to…

A 
Limbic system - modulation of autonomic responses
Have attentional/monitoring functions
Limbic structures (amygdala, thalamus, striatum) and brainstem
Prefrontal cortical areas
26
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex role in attention has been shown in study involving…(x2)
Finding..(x2)

A

Ps PASSIVE attending to single feature (colour, shape, motion), or
Monitoring changes in all three features - DIVIDED ATTENTION
Passive colour task = occipital lobe activation
Divided attention = ACC activation

27
Q

Interactions between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex is shown by…(x2)

A

Action os hub/amplifier for limbic system, for interoceptive (HR, breathing) or exteroceptive (environmental) emotional signals, that
Then directs emotional signals to frontal cortex
ACC role in processing/responding to emotion cues - conscious experience

28
Q

Emotional awareness has been shown to increase activity in…

A 
Areas associate with emotional experience:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Ventral striatum
Amygdala
ACC
Anterior insula
Orbito-frontal cortex, and/or
Medial prefrontal cortex
29
Q

Links between the motor control drive and anterior cingulate cortex…(x3)

A

ACC/motor cortex and spinal cord projections = motor control, esp willed action
Lateral prefrontal cortex connections = cognition, esp conflict monitoring (presence of)
Brainstem, thalamus afferents show role of arousal/drive in ACC activation

30
Q

The orbitofrontal cortex consists of…(x2)

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Lateral-orbital prefrontal cortex

31
Q

The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in…(x2)

ie…(x1)

A

Social and emotional judgement and decision making

Choosing how to act: integrate incoming info with pre-existing info about goals, values and current social situation

32
Q

Patient ‘Elliott’ demonstrated the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotional/decision-making that…(x4)

A

Post-tumor removal sugery, intact intellectual abilities, but
Lack of concern for social rules
Decreased social awareness and empathy
Initiated risky ventures against advice - went bankrupt

33
Q

Role of orbitofrontal cortex in decision-making was demonstrated in study involving…(x2)
Finding…(x1)
With implications for…(x1)

A

Gambling task - how we anticipate reward, consequences
Measured skin conductance of controls and patients during card game
Much lower responses by patients across anticipation, reward and punishment
Rehab and placements – use tokens, chocolates as rewards, expecting patients to be excited, but no…

34
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex has been linked to sociopathy in that…(x3)
Signalling that damage could lead to…(x1)

A

It is linked to antisocial behaviours, eg
Stealing
Violent outbursts
Acquired sociopathy

35
Q

Patient JS demonstrated ‘acquired sociopathy’ in that…(x4)

A

Prior to traumatic orbitofrontal injury, was quiet, no psychiatric history, but after…
Highly aggressive
Callous disregard for others
Lack of remorse

36
Q

Compared with CLA patients with dysexecutive syndrome (no sociopathy), and prison inmates with developmental sociopathy, patient JS exhibited…(x5)

A

poor recognition of visually presented emotions
Reduce autonomic response to visually presented emotions
Poor identification of social behaviour violations: lower GSR and disgust than control Ps
Poor attribution of emotions, poor ToM
Poor judgment of moral vs social transgressions (eg murder worse than parking ticket)

37
Q

Patient Js’ deficits were attributed to…(x2)

A

Impaired ability to generate expectations of negative reactions in others, thus suppressing inappropriate behaviour -
A function of the orbitofrontal cortex

38
Q

Body representations allow us to…(x3)

A

Navigate safely
Interact with objects
Communicate/portray emotion

39
Q

Multisensory integration (MSI) functions to…(x1)
Through…(x2)
And relies on which brain region?

A

Maintain a unified representation of our body and events
Integrating vision, audition, touch, proprioception etc, while
Giving greater weight to most reliable info source (eg vision over proprioception)
Temporo-parietal junction

40
Q

Damage to the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) is associated with…(x2)
And disruption using TMS can impair…(x1)

A

Out of body experiences and
Autoscopic hallucinations
Healthy Ps ability to mentally transform their bodies (imagine it rotating)

41
Q

The mirror hand illusion and rubber hand illusion demonstrate…(x1)

A

The misrepresentations of the body that can be induced through manipulating the appearance of location of body parts

42
Q

Holmes and Spence’s mirror hand illusion study involved…(x3)
Finding…(x2)

A

Ps positioned with hand out of view on other side of mirror, and
Look at mirror while synchronously tapping fingers of both hands, until
E instructed them to reach for target
Systematic errors in reaching the target - part way between visual and proprioceptive info
Further hand in mirror differed from real, less accurate they were

43
Q

Proprioceptive drift represents…(x1)

And…(x1)

A

Perceptual change in the position of the obscured hand relative to that of hand in the mirror
Occurs over short time scales, due to rapid degradation of proprioceptive info

44
Q

Mirror box therapy is for…(x1)

And involves…(x2)

A

Treating phantom limb syndrome (pain)
Mirror hand illusion set up, and
‘interact’ with missing limb

45
Q

The rubber hand illusion involves…(x4)

A

Covering one arm, putting rubber one in its place
Stroking it and other hand synchronously
Temporal and spatial correspondence of sensations in both hands leads to
Multisensory integration - brain updating body representation - adopts new limb

46
Q

Subjective, behavioural and physiological effects associated with rubber hand illusion…(x5)

A

Subjective: Ownership (of rubber hand), referral of touch (stroking sensation comes from hand)
Behavioural: proprioceptive drift - Using other hand to point to hidden one = deviation toward rubber hand
Physiol: temp drop in hidden hand, immune reaction increase in hidden hand

47
Q

The rubber hand illusion can be weakened by applying TMS to…(x1)
Potentially due to…(x1)

A

Parietal lobe
Its role in MSI - prevents corresponding tactile and visual inputs form triggering integration of rubber hand into body representation

PSYC2020 Q3 (4 decks)

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