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ENDO > Wk 10 > Flashcards

Wk 10 Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

1
Q

What are the two major body fluid compartments?

A
  1. ECF (fluid outside of cell)
  2. ICF (fluid inside of cell)
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2
Q

What are the ionic compositions of ECF?

A
  • Sodium Chloride
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
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3
Q

What are the types of ECF?

A
  • Interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)
  • Plasma (liquid part of blood)
  • Transcellular fluid (specialised fluid)
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4
Q

What are the four different pressures involved in tissue fluid formation?

A
  1. Capillary pressure
  2. Interstitial fluid pressure
  3. Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  4. Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
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5
Q

What is capillary pressure?

A

Pushes water out from capillary and into interstitial space.

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6
Q

What is capillary osmotic pressure?

A

Draw water into capillary.

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7
Q

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pushing force against capillary walls.

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8
Q

What is tissue colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Draw water into tissues.

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9
Q

What is lymph drainage?

A

Excess fluids in interstitial space is picked up by lymphatic vessels, returned back to circulatory system.

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10
Q

How are ICF and ECF compartments measured?

A
  • Injecting a compound into the compartment
  • Determining volume of distribution of compounds
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11
Q

What are the substances that can be injected?

A
  • Should not affect fluid volume distribution
  • Non toxic
  • Non degradable
  • Conc. should be easily measured
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12
Q

What is total body water?

A

Total amount of water contained within a persons body.
*60% of body weight in males
*50-55% in females

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13
Q

How is ICF measured?

A

Calculated after determination of total body fluid and ECF.

ICF = Total body water - ECF volume

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14
Q

What are the different routes of body water output?

A
  • Evaporation (respiratory tract, skin)
  • Sweat
  • Faeces (increased in diarrhea)
  • Kidneys
  • Urine
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15
Q

What is insensible loss?

A

Loss that is not noticeable, increased is protective layer of skin is effected (burns, large abrasions).

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16
Q

What is the primary regulator of fluid/electrolyte balance?

A

Kidneys

17
Q

What is the importance of body fluids?

A
  • Electrolyte balance and osmoregulation
  • Transportation
  • Metabolic reactions
  • pH balance
  • Temperature regulation
18
Q

What are two functions of sodium?

A
  1. Maintain fluid balance
  2. Regulate blood pressure & volume
    *Found in ECF
19
Q

What are two functions of potassium?

A
  1. Regulating heart & muscle contractions
  2. Maintain fluid balance
    * Found in ICF
20
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of blood plasma?

A

290mOsm/L

21
Q

What is the effect of a cell in an isotonic solution?

A

No change in volume
(equal conc. inside & out)

22
Q

What is the effect of a cell in an hypotonic solution?

A

Cell swells
(low solute conc.)

23
Q

What is the effect of a cell in an hypertonic solution?

A

Cell shrinks
(high solute conc.)

24
Q

What is an Edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces.

25
Q

What is the cause of Edema?

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure (fluid –> interstitial spaces)
  • Lowered plasma osmotic pressure
    (fluid –> capillary)
  • Increased capillary membrane permeability
  • Lymphatic channel obstruction (draining blocked fluid from interstitial)
  • Increased tissue osmotic pressure (water –> interstitial)
26
Q

What are the types of Edema?

A

Pitting Edema - excess water in interstitial spaces due to reduction in plasma proteins.

Non-Pitting Edema - mucopolysaccharides (gel-like) which hold water.

27
Q

What are example of Non-Pitting Edemas?

A
  • Lymphedema
  • Myxedema
28
Q

What is the thirst center?

A

Primarily a regulator of water intake, located in hypothalamus.
*Has osmoreceptors (neurons) that respond to changes.

29
Q

What are the stimuli for the thirst center?

A
  • Hypertonicity (cellular dehydration)
  • Hypovolemia (low volume)
  • Hypotension (high pressure)
  • Angiotensin II (from release of renin in kidney)
30
Q

What are two hormones that influence the thirst center?

A
  1. Angiotensin II (stimulates thirst when blood volume decreases)
  2. ADH (stimulates water conservation)
31
Q

Why does diabetes insipidus cause hypoosmotic dehydration?

A

Hyperosmotic dehydration - body excretes too much water without excreting electrolytes, increasing ECF sodium conc.

Diabetes insipidus = lack of ADH (controls water intake), increases dehydration.

32
Q

What is the system that regulates plasma sodium and potassium?

A
  • Renal system
  • Endocrine system

ENDO (10 decks)

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