WK 1 reading chapter 1 Flashcards
lifespan perspective
views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic multidisciplinary and contextual and a process that involves growth, maintenance and regulation of loss
Plasticity
the capacity for change
What 3 types of influences does contexts exert
normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences and nonnormative or highly individualized life events
Normative age graded influences
similar for individuals in a particular age group e.g puberty and menopause
Normative history graded influences
are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances e.g world war 1
nonnormative life events
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people. they don’t happen to everyone.
Baltes mastery of life involves
growth, regulation and loss
culture
the behaviour patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation
Cross-cultural studies
comparison of one culture with one or more cultures
Ethnicity
a characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationalitycharacteristics, race religion and language
Socioeconomic status
refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational and economic characteristics
gender
the characteristics of people as males or females
social policy
a national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of it’s citizens
biological processes
produce changes in an individuals physical nature
Cognitive processes
refer to changes in the individuals thought, intelligence and language
socioemotional processes
involves changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in emotions and changes in personality
developmental cognitive neuroscience
explores links between development, cognitive processes and the brain
developmental social neuroscience
examines connections between socioemotional processes, development and the brain
developmental period
refers to a time frame in a person’s life that is characterised by certain features
Prenatal period
conception to birth- exceptional growth
Infancy
birth-18/24 months- time of extreme dependence, sensorimotor coordination and social learning
Early childhood
3-5 years - learn to become more self-sufficient, develop reading skills
Middle and late childhood
6-10/11 years, master reading, writing and arithmetic, achievement become a more central theme of the child’s world, self-control increases
Adolescence
10-12 to 18-21 years, puberty, seek independence and identity, thought is more logical, abstract and idealistic
Early adulthood
20s and 30s- establishing economic independence, advance career, build relationships and families
Middle adulthood
40-60s, expanding social and personal involvement, maintaining satisfaction in career
Late adulthood
60s/70s- death reflecting on their life, attempting to maintain faculties and health
3 development patterns of aging
normal ageing, pathological ageing and successful ageing
Normal ageing
psychological functioning peaks in early middle age, remains stable until late fifties to early sixties and and declines in 80s
Pathological ageing
individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through their adult years
successful aging
individuals who maintain faculties longer
chronological age
the number of years that have elapsed since birth
biological age
is a person’s age in terms of biological health
Psychological age
is an individuals adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
social age
refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt
nature-nurture issue
involves the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture
Nature
refers to an organism’s biological inheritance
nurture
an organisms environmental experiences
epigenetic view
states that development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment
stability change issue
involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
continuity-discontinuity issue
focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.
scientific method
a four-step process 1) conceptualise, 2)collect research, 3) analyse data, 4) draw a conclusion
theory
interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions
hypotheses
specific assertions and predictions that can be tested
Psychoanalytic theories
describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily coloured by emotions
Freuds theory
that patients problems were a result of experiences early in life- Psychosexual development
5 stages of psychosexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
eriksons theory
eight stages of development unfold as we grow through life
eriksons 8 stages
trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus identity confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, integrity versus despair.
piagets theory (cognitive developmental)
states that children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world
piagets theory 4 stages
sensorimotor stages, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage
vygotsky’s theory (cognitive)
sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
social cognitive theory
holds that behaviour, environment and cognition are the key factors in development
ethology
stresses that behaviour is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution and is characterised by critical or sensitive periods
imprinting
the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen
brofenbrenners ecological theory
holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems
brofenbrenners 5 envornmental systems
microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem
microsystem
is the setting in which the individual lives e.g home, neighbourhood, school, families, peers
mesosystem
relations between Microsystems or connections between contexts
exosystem
links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individuals immediate context
macrosystem
involves the culture in which they live
chronosystem
patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances
eclectic theoretical orientation
does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features
naturalistic observation
observing behaviour in real-world settings making no effort to manipulate or control the situation
standardized test
has uniform procedures for administration and scoring
case study
in depth look at a single individual
descriptive research
aims to observe and record behaviour
correlational research
to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
cross-sectional approach
a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages
longitudinal approach
the same individuals are studies over a period of time, usually several years or more
cohort
a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result e.g living through the Vietnam war
steps to conducting ethical reserach
informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception,
